《普通生态学》一、 Please explain the following terms (3 points each, 18 points totally)
(1) Introduction Ecology habitat (2) autoecology niche(生态位)fundamental niche (基础生态位)competitive exlusion principle (竞争排斥原理)fitness(适合度)environment (环境)Liebig ’s law of minimum (利比希最小因子定律)Shelford’ s law of tolerance (谢尔福德的 “耐受性定律 ”)ecological valence or amplitude (生态价、生态幅、耐性限度)law of limiting factor(限制因子定律)Vant Hoff’ s law(范霍夫定律或Q10 定律)developmental threshold temperature (发育起点温度)law of effective temperature (有效积温法则)(3)population ecology Population(种群)ecological invasion (生态入侵)innate capacity of increase (or intrinsic rate of increase)[ 内禀增长率 ] density dependence(密度制约)density independence(非密度制约)age structure(年龄椎体或年龄金字塔)Survivorship curve (存活曲线)ecological natality (生态出生率)ecological mortality (生态死亡率)maximum natal