1 A Detailed review for Modern Linguistics （此篇术语适合考前背诵，简答题要做到熟悉得滚瓜烂熟哦，用于应付术语解释和简答题） Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Define the following terms: 1). Linguistics: It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2). General linguistics: The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. 3). Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 4). Synchronic study: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is a synchronic study. 5). Diachronic study: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study. 6). Language competence: The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. A transformational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence. 7). Language performance: performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 8). Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not chan...
