从藩封体系到条约体系：清政府外交角色的转换 公共管理专业

从藩封体系到条约体系：清政府外交角色的转换 摘 要为了研究清代外交史，主要参考了《朝贡制度史论——中国古代对外关系体制研究》、《中外旧约章汇编》等有关资料，运用文献解析方法和分析归纳方法，考察了从藩封体系向条约体系转变过程中清政府外交角色的转换，以及发生这种转换的深层次原因。在传统的藩封体系当中，作为天朝上国的清政府在向条约体系中的附属国演变过程中，清政府面领着极其难堪的选择：是维持传统的国家地位，还是屈服于列强的压力承认和接受国家地位衰落的现实，这都是极其困难困苦的。分析显示，清政府国家地位与外交角色转换是在极其复杂的环境中进行的，既包括国家实力衰微的内部因素，也伴随着国际环境变迁的外部因由。内外多种因素的综合作用，特别是政治文化上的日趋腐朽，清政府最终选择了转变外交方式以“与世界接轨”──坦然接受现实，从属于西方列强，成为“洋人的朝廷”。关键词:藩封体系；条约体系；转变；原因AbstractIn order to study the diplomatic history of Qing Dynasty, this paper mainly refers to The History of Tributary System: A Study on the System of Foreign Relations in Ancient China, Compilation of Old Testament Chapters in China and Abroad and other relevant information. By using the method of literature analysis and analytical induction, this paper studies the transformation of the diplomatic role of the Qing government from the the subinfeudation system to the treaty system and the underlying causes of this transformation. In the traditional subinfeudation system, the Qing government, as the Celestial Empire, was in the process of the evolution of the tributary in the treaty system. The Qing government faced an extremely embarrassing choice: whether it should maintain the traditional status of the country or yield to the pressure of the great powers and thus recognize and accept the reality of the decline of national status, both of which are hard and difficult. The analysis shows that the conversion of the national sta...