Module 3 Interpersonal Relationships Friendship Section Ⅲ Grammar-动词-ing 形式的完成式作状语和后接动词-ing 形式或不定式的动词（词组）语法图解探究发现①I was twelve and, having lostall my old friends, I felt shy and lonely at my new school.②Having been operated on the leg, he can't walk as usual.③Not having made adequate preparations, they put off the sports meeting till next Friday.④He often invited me to join his particular group, and as a result, I started getting/to get to know people.⑤I like lying/to lie on my back staring at the sky.⑥⑦⑧[我的发现](1)以上句中，①～③句中的黑体部分在句中作状语，④～⑧句中黑体部分在句中作宾语。(2) 由 ① ～ ③ 句 可 知 ， 动 词 ing 形 式 的 完 成 式 为 having_done ， 否 定 式 为not_having_done，完成被动式为 having_been_done。(3)④⑤ 句 中 ， 动 词 ing 形 式 与 不 定 式 作 宾 语 意 义 相 差 不 大 。⑥ (a ， b)⑦(a ， b)⑧(a ， b) 句中，动词ing 形式与不定式作宾语意义区别很大， 其中⑥ a句中作宾语的动词ing 形式的动作已经发生，⑥ b 句中作宾语的动词不定式的动作未发生。一、动词ing 形式的完成式作状语1．动词ing 形式的完成式的构成：having＋过去分词。动词ing 形式的完成式表示该动作发生于句中谓语动词表示的动作之前。动词ing 形式的完成式在句中常作状语，表示原因、时间、让步等，常可转换成相应的状语从句。Having written the letter, he went to post it.＝After he had written the letter, he went to post it.写完信后，他去寄走它。(时间状语)2．动词ing 形式的完成式的否定式为：not＋having＋过去分词。Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examination.＝ Because he hadn't studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examination.因为没有努力学习，所以他考试不及格。3．动词ing 形式的完成式的被动式为：having＋been＋过去分词。Having been toldmany times, he still repeated the same mistake.＝ Although he has been told many times, he sti...
