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美国浪漫主义FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism1.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.2.ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralizethantoentertain.3.The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.TranscendentalismFromthe1830s,therewasmuchtalkamongsomeyoungpeopleaboutthe“newspiritualera”.Theywantedtoexploretheinnerlife.InthecenterofthisactivityweretheTranscendentalists.Theyformedamovementoffeelingsandbeliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy.Features:1.spirit/oversoul2.importanceofindividualism3.nature–symbolofspirit/God;garmentoftheoversoul4.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)Appearance:1836,“Nature”byEmersonEmerson代表作NatureEmerson’sfirstpublishedworkwasNature(1836).ThisworkhasthecleareststatementofTranscendentalistideas.InitEmersonstatedthatmanshouldnotseenaturemerelyassomethingtobeused;thatman’srelationshipwithnaturetranscendstheideaofusefulness.Natureisakindofdisciplinetoman.Onceyouareinnature,totallyinsolitude,youfeelyou’renothing,butyouseeall.Naturemakespeoplefeeltransparentandhumble.TheAmericanScholarInTheAmericanScholar,Emersonattackedtheinfluenceofthetraditionandthepast,andcalledforanewburstofAmericancreativity.Tohim,thewordscholardidnotrefertothemanofbooklearning,buttotheoriginalthinker.Suchamanknowshimselfthroughintuitionandthestudyofnature,notofthebooks.NathanielHawthorne：Blackvisionofhumannature●Obsessed,orhauntedbytheCalvinisticconceptoftheoriginalsin,Hawthornecannotlookuponanyaspectofreality,eitherhumanornatural,withoutfindingthegermthatcorruptsanddestroys.●Forhim,humanbeingsareevil-naturedandsinfulandthissinandeviliseverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonfromonegenerationtoanother.Hiswritingsaretoshowhowweareallwrongedandwrongers,andavengeoneanother.●Hesymbolizesmoralorspiritualdiseasebythediseaseofthebodyandaccordinglywhenapersoncommitanysin,itmightappearinsomeformonthebody.●Besides,Hawthornebelievesthathumanbeingscontinuouslysinandsinwillgetpunishedonewayoranother.Asamatteroffacthewassaidtobeoftentroubledbythethoughtthatthedeclineofhisfamilyfortuneshadalottodowiththesinsofhisancestors.Hebelievesthat“thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveonesMajorworks●Shortstorycollections:Twice-ToldTales《故事新编》;MosesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》●Novels:TheScarletLetter《红字》;TheHouseofSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房子》;TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》;TheMarbleFaun《大理石神像》Featuresofworks●senseofsinandevil(sinandpunishment)●tensionbetweenhead(intellect)andheart(emotion)(Hawthorneheldnegativeattitudetowardsscience.Mostly,hisintellectualcharactersarevillains.)●ambiguity（复义性）●goodatdepictingpsychology●symbolism●supernaturalelements●excellentcraftsmanship(delicatestructure;refinedlanguage)TheScarletLetter●Sample:ScarletLetter(A:AdulterytoAbletoAngel)●Characters:◆HesterPrynne(heroine,attractive,activetowardsthesin)◆RogerChillingworth(Hester’shusband,emotionless,onlythinkingaboutrevenge,realvillaininthenovel,signifyingpureintellectwhichwasmercilessinHawthorne’smind)◆ArthurDimmesdale(ahandsomeandadmirableyoungpriest,...