语法一：现在分词做状语现在分词（动词的 ing 形式）做状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，且必须与句子的主语是逻辑上的主谓关系；动词的 ing 形式表示的动作是次要动作。现在分词可以做时间，条件，结果，让步，方式等状语。相当于相应的状语从句。作时间，原因或条件时，通常位于主句前面，作方式，伴随或结果状语时，通常位于主句后面。如果分词所表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，用现在分词的一般式。如果分词动作明显在谓语动词之前发生，用现在分词的完成式。（having done）,在作时间状语的分词前，可加连词 while, when，介词 after, before, on 等。一. 做伴随状语：分词等于 and 连接两个动词或分句。1： The dog came in. It followed its master. =The dog came in, following its master. 2：The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 3：They stood there for an hour, watching the game. 二.原因状语相当于 as, since, because 等引起的原因状语从句，常位于句首,句中或句末。 1. He was a brave man. He decided to return to France. = Being a brave man, he decided to return to France. 2：Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.3：Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.4：Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital.5．Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.6. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.三.时间状语，相当于 when, while ,as 等引导的时间状语从句，常位于句首或句末。1： First he returned to France. Then he was put into prison. =After he returned to France, he was put into prison. =Having returned to France, he was put into prison. 2： Having arrived at the factory, they immediately set to work. Be careful when crossing the street.3： Don’t mention this while talking to him.4： On arriving in London, he managed ...
