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第1页共19页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第1页共19页附录一、英文原文BuildingAbstract:Therearealotofbuildinghistoryandhistoricalbuildings,andthedevelopmentofsuchasbuildingmaterialsandsoon.Tillnowwehaveabettertechnologyandscienceaboutbuilding.Keywords:modernbuildingsandstructuralmaterials,buildingtypesanddesign,componentsofabuilding.ModernBuildingsandStructuralMaterialsManygreatbuildingsbuiltinearlieragesarestillinexistenceandinuse.AmongthemarethePantheonandColosseuminRome,HagiaSophiainIstanbul;theGothicchurchesofFranceandEngland,andtheRenaissancecathedrals,withtheirgreatdomes,liketheDuomoinFlorenceandSt.Peter’sinRome.Theyaremassivestructureswiththickstonewallsthatcounteractthethrustofthegreatweight.Thrustisthepressureexertedbyeachpartofastructureonitsotherparts.Thesegreatbuildingswerenottheproductsofknowledgeofmathematicsandphysics.Theywereconstructedinsteadofthebasisofexperienceandobservation,oftenastheresultoftrialanderror.Oneofthereasonstheyhavesurvivedisbecauseofthegreatstrengththatwasbuiltintothem-strengthgreaterthannecessaryinmostcases.Buttheengineersofearliertimesalsohadtheirfailure.InRome,forexample,mostofthepeoplelivedininsula,greattenementblocksthatwereoftentenstorieshigh.Manyofthemwerepoorlyconstructedandsometimescollapsedwithconsiderablelossoflife.第2页共19页第1页共19页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共19页Today,however,theengineerhastheadvantagenotonlyofempiricalinformation,butalsoofscientificdatathatpermithimtomakecarefulcalculationsinadvance.Whenamodernengineerplansastructure,hetakesintoaccountthetotalweightofallitscomponentmaterials.Thisisknownasthedeadload,whichistheweightofthestructureitself.Hemustalsoconsidertheliveload,theweightofallthepeople,cars,furniture,machines,andsoonthatthestructurewillsupportwhenitisinuse.Instructuressuchasbridgesthatwillhandlefastautomobiletraffic,hemustconsidertheimpact,theforceatwhichtheliveloadwillbeexertedonthestructure.Hemustalsodeterminethesafetyfactor,thatis,anadditionalcapabilitytomakethestructurestrongerthanthecombinationofthethreeotherfactors.Themodernengineermustalsounderstandthedifferentstresstowhichthematerialsinastructurearesubject.Theseincludetheoppositeforcesofcompressionandtension,Incompressionthematerialispressedorpushedtogether;intensionthematerialispulledapartorstretched,likearubberband.Inadditiontotensionandcompression,anotherforceisatwork,namelyshear,whichwedefinedasthetendencyofamaterialtofracturealongthelinesofstress.Theshearmightoccurinaverticalplane,butitalsomightrunalongthehorizontalaxisofthebeam,theneutralplane,wherethereisneithertensionnorcompression.Altogether,threeforcescanactonastructure:vertical-thosethatactupordown;horizontal-thosethatactsideways;andthosethatactuponitwitharotatingorturningmotion.Forcesthatactatanangleareacombinationofhorizontalandverticalforces.Sincethestructuresdesignedbycivilengineersareintendedtobestationaryorstable,theseforcesmustbekeptinbalance.Theverticalforces,forexample,mustbeequaltoeachother.Ifabeamsupportsaloadabove,thebeamitselfmusthavesufficientstrengthtocounterbalancethatweight.Thehorizontalforcesmustalsoequaleachothersothatthereisnottoomuchthrusteithertotherightortotheleft.Andforcesthatmightpullthestructurearoundmustbecounteredwithforcesthatpullintheoppositedirection.Oneofthemostspectacularengineeri...