01THEELEMENTSANDTHEPERIODICTABLE01元素和元素周期表Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatomisreferredtoastheatomicnumber,orprotonnumber,Z.Thenumberofelectronsinanelectricallyneutralatomisalsoequaltotheatomicnumber,Z.Thetotalmassofanatomisdeterminedverynearlybythetotalnumberofprotonsandneutronsinitsnucleus.Thistotaliscalledthemassnumber,A.Thenumberofneutronsinanatom,theneutronnumber,isgivenbythequantityA-Z.在一种原子核中的质子数量被称为原子序数,或质子数,Z。在一种电中性原子中的电子数量也等于原子序数,Z。一种原子的总质量被测定是非常靠近于原子核中质子和中子的总数。这个总数被称为质量数,A。在一种原子中的中子数量等于A–Z的数量。Thetermelementrefersto,apuresubstancewithatomsallofasinglekind.Tothechemistthe"kind"ofatomisspecifiedbyitsatomicnumber,sincethisisthepropertythatdeterminesitschemicalbehavior.AtpresentalltheatomsfromZ=1toZ=107areknown;thereare107chemicalelements.Eachchemicalelementhasbeengivenanameandadistinctivesymbol.FormostelementsthesymbolissimplytheabbreviatedformoftheEnglishnameconsistingofoneortwoletters,forexample:这个术语(指chemicalelement)也可以指由相似质子数的原子构成的纯化学物质。对化学家来说,此类原子通过原子数来阐明,由于它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前,从Z=1到Z=107的所有原子是懂得的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一种名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一种象征的英文名称缩写形式,由一种或两个字母构成,例如:oxygen==Onitrogen==Nneon==Nemagnesium==Mg氧==O氮==N氖==Ne镁==MgSomeelements,whichhavebeenknownforalongtime,havesymbolsbasedontheirLatinnames,forexample:很久以来就已经懂得某些元素,根据他们的拉丁名字符号命名,例如:iron==Fe(ferrum)copper==Cu(cuprum)lead==Pb(plumbum)铁==铁(铁)铜==铜(铜)铅==铅(铅)AcompletelistingoftheelementsmaybefoundinTable1.一种完整的元素可以在表1中被发现。BeginninginthelateseventeenthcenturywiththeworkofRobertBoyle,whoproposedthepresentlyacceptedconceptofanelement,numerousinvestigationsproducedaconsiderableknowledgeofthepropertiesofelementsandtheircompounds1.In1869,D.MendeleevandL.Meyer,workingindependently,proposedtheperiodiclaw.Inmodernform,thelawstatesthatthepropertiesoftheelementsareperiodicfunctionsoftheiratomicnumbers.Inotherwords,whentheelementsarelistedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,elementshavingcloselysimilarpropertieswillfallatdefiniteintervalsalongthelist.Thusitispossibletoarrangethelistofelementsintabularformwithelementshavingsimilarpropertiesplacedinverticalcolumns2.Suchanarrangementiscalledaperiodic.早在十七世纪末期,罗伯特波义耳就开始了这项工作,他提出了目前公认的元素的概念,大量的研究使我们对元素及其化合物的性质有了相称的理解。在1869年,门捷列夫和迈耶,独立工作,提出了元素周期律。用现代方式,元素周期律论述了元素的特性原子序数的周期性函数。换句话说,当按原子序数增长的次序排列元素,具有相近特性的元素将沿着列表以一定的间隔下降。因此,将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列,从而把元素排成表格形式是有也许的。像这样的排列叫元素周期表。Eachhorizontalrowofelementsconstitutesaperiod.Itshouldbenotedthatthelengthsoftheperiodsvary.Thereisaveryshortperiodcontainingonly2elements,followedbytwoshortperiodsof8elementseach,andthentwolongperiodsof18elementseach.Thenextperiodincludes32elements,andthelastperiodisapparentlyincomplete.Withthisarrangement,elementsinthesameverticalcolumnhavesimilarcharacteristics.Thesecolumnsconstitutethechemicalfamiliesorgroups.Thegroupsheadedbythemembersofthetwo8-elementperiodsaredesignatedasmaingroupelement...