●GrammarandUsageHerewewilllearntorecognizesituationswherethepastperfecttenseisusedandthetimeexpressionsusedtogetherwiththetense.Wewillalsoseehowthetenseisformed.Youwillreadtwostoriesandcompletethemusingthecorrectverbforms.Payattentiontothedifferencesbetweenthepastperfecttenseandthesimplepasttense.Step1:PastperfecttensePastperfecttenseisusedtoindicatethatoneactionoccurredbeforeanotheractioninthepast.Inotherwords,pastperfecttenseindicatesthefirstofthetwoactions.FormofPastPerfect[had]+[pastparticiple]Examples:IhadstudiedalittleEnglishwhenIcametotheU.S.TheyhadnevermetanAmericanuntiltheymetJohn.Thepastperfecttenseisoftenusedwiththesimplepasttense.Ifoneactionhappensbeforeanotherinthepast,thepastperfecttenseisused.presentpastThepastperfecttenseshowsus过去的过去ThepastperfecttenseusedinreportedspeechPresentPast“Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained,”saidCarter.CartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontainedTheyemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontainedCartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombTheuseofthepastperfecttensesimplyindicatesthatanactioncomesbeforeanotherpastaction.happenbeforeIhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemuseum.usedwithtimeexpressionssuchaswhen,after,before,assoonas,until,by,forandalreadyCarteropenedKingTutankhamun’stombThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied.LordCarnarvondiedPastPresentNote:WhenyouareusingaverbtensewithmorethanonepartsuchasPastPerfect(hadmet),adverbsoftencomebetweenthefirstpartandthesecondpart(hadnevermet).USE1CompletedActionBeforeSomethinginPastThePastPerfectexpressestheideathatsomethingoccurredbeforeanotheractioninthepast.Itcanalsoshowthatsomethinghappenedbeforeaspecifictimeinthepast.Examples:IhadneverseensuchabeautifulbeachbeforeIwenttoKauai.HadyouevervisitedtheU.S.beforeyourtripin1992?Yes,IhadbeentotheU.S.oncebeforein1988.USE2DurationBeforeSomethinginthePast(Non-continuousVerbs)WithNon-progressiveVerbsandsomenon-progressiveusesofMixedVerbs,weusethePastPerfecttoshowthatsomethingstartedinthepastandcontinuedupuntilanotheractioninthepast.Examples:Wehadhadthatcarfortenyearsbeforeitbrokedown.BythetimeAlexfinishedhisstudies,hehadbeeninLondonforovereightyears.IMPORTANTSpecificTimeswiththePastPerfectUnlikethePresentPerfect,itispossibletousespecifictimewordsorphraseswiththePastPerfect.Althoughthisispossible,itisusuallynotnecessary.EXAMPLE:ShehadvisitedherJapaneserelativesoncein1993beforeshemovedinwiththemin1996.IfthePastPerfectactiondidoccurataspecifictime,theSimplePastcanbeusedinsteadofthePastPerfectwhenbeforeorafterisusedinthesentence.ThewordsbeforeandafteractuallytellyouwhathappensfirstsothePastPerfectisoptional.Bothsentencesbelowarecorrect.EXAMPLE:ShehadvisitedherJapaneserelativesoncein1993beforeshemovedinwiththemin1996.ShevisitedherJapaneserelativesoncein1993beforeshemovedinwiththemin1996.HOWEVERIfthePastPerfectactiondidnothappenataspecifictime,PastPerfectMUSTbeusedatalltimes.Comparethetwosentencesbelow.EXAMPLE:ShehadneverseenabearbeforeshemovedtoAlaska.CorrectSheneversawabearbeforeshemovedtoAlaska.NotCorrectACTIVE/PASSIVEFORMSofPastPerfectEXAMPLESGeorgehadrepairedmanycarsbeforehereceivedhismechanicslicense.ACTIVEManycarshadbeenrepairedbyGeorgebeforehereceivedhismechanicslicense.PASSIVEStep2:Practice1.ReadPoint1onpage48toseewhichactionhappensfirstinthesentencegiven.Notethatthepastperfecttens...
