SirAlexanderFleming–BiographySirAlexanderFlemingwasbornatLochfieldnearDarvelinAyrshire,ScotlandonAugust6th,1881.HeattendedLoudenMoorSchool,DarvelSchool,andKilmarnockAcademybeforemovingtoLondonwhereheattendedthePolytechnic.HespentfouryearsinashippingofficebeforeenteringSt.Mary'sMedicalSchool,LondonUniversity.Hequalifiedwithdistinctionin1906andbeganresearchatSt.Mary'sunderSirAlmrothWright,apioneerinvaccinetherapy.HegainedM.B.,B.S.,(London),withGoldMedalin1908,andbecamealectureratSt.Mary'suntil1914.HeservedthroughoutWorldWarIasacaptainintheArmyMedicalCorps,beingmentionedindispatches,andin1918hereturnedtoSt.Mary's.HewaselectedProfessoroftheSchoolin1928andEmeritusProfessorofBacteriology,UniversityofLondonin1948.HewaselectedFellowoftheRoyalSocietyin1943andknightedin1944.Earlyinhismedicallife,Flemingbecameinterestedinthenaturalbacterialactionofthebloodandinantiseptics.Hewasabletocontinuehisstudiesthroughouthismilitarycareerandondemobilizationhesettledtoworkonantibacterialsubstanceswhichwouldnotbetoxictoanimaltissues.In1921,hediscoveredin«tissuesandsecretions»animportantbacteriolyticsubstancewhichhenamedLysozyme.Aboutthistime,hedevisedsensitivitytitrationmethodsandassaysinhumanbloodandotherbodyfluids,whichhesubsequentlyusedforthetitrationofpenicillin.In1928,whileworkingoninfluenzavirus,heobservedthatmouldhaddevelopedaccidentlyonastaphylococcus用心爱心专心cultureplateandthatthemouldhadcreatedabacteria-freecirclearounditself.Hewasinspiredtofurtherexperimentandhefoundthatamouldculturepreventedgrowthofstaphylococci,evenwhendiluted800times.Henamedtheactivesubstancepenicillin.SirAlexanderwrotenumerouspapersonbacteriology,immunologyandchemotherapy,includingoriginaldescriptionsoflysozymeandpenicillin.Theyhavebeenpublishedinmedicalandscientificjournals.Fleming,aFellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons(England),1909,andaFellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians(London),1944,hasgainedmanyawards.TheyincludeHunterianProfessor(1919),ArrisandGaleLecturer(1929)andHonoraryGoldMedal(1946)oftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons;WilliamsJuliusMickleFellowship,UniversityofLondon(1942);CharlesMickleFellowship,UniversityofToronto(1944);JohnScottMedal,CityGuildofPhiladelphia(1944);CameronPrize,UniversityofEdinburgh(1945);MoxonMedal,RoyalCollegeofPhysicians(1945);CutterLecturer,HarvardUniversity(1945);AlbertGoldMedal,RoyalSocietyofArts(1946);GoldMedal,RoyalSocietyofMedicine(1947);MedalforMerit,U.S.A.(1947);andtheGrandCrossofAlphonseXtheWise,Spain(1948).HeservedasPresidentoftheSocietyforGeneralMicrobiology,hewasaMemberofthePontificalAcademyofScienceandHonoraryMemberofalmostallthemedicalandscientificsocietiesoftheworld.HewasRectorofEdinburghUniversityduring1951-1954,FreemanofmanyboroughsandcitiesandHonoraryChiefDoy-gei-tauoftheKiowatribe.Hewasalsoawardeddoctorate,honoriscausa,degreesofalmostthirtyEuropeanandAmericanUniversities.用心爱心专心In1915,FlemingmarriedSarahMarionMcElroyofKillala,Ireland,whodiedin1949.Theirsonisageneralmedicalpractitioner.Flemingmarriedagainin1953,hisbridewasDr.AmaliaKoutsouri-Voureka,aGreekcolleagueatSt.Mary's.InhisyoungerdayshewasakeenmemberoftheTerritorialArmyandheservedfrom1900to1914asaprivateintheLondonScottishRegiment.DrFlemingdiedonMarch11thin1955andisburiedinSt.Paul'sCathedral.FromNobelLectures,PhysiologyorMedicine1942-1962,ElsevierPublishingCompany,Amsterdam,1964Thisautobiography/biographywaswrittenatthetimeoftheawardandlaterpublishedinthebookseriesLesPrixNobel/NobelLectures.TheinformationissometimesupdatedwithanaddendumsubmittedbytheLaureate.Tocitethisdocument,alwaysstatethesourceasshownabove.用心爱心专心
