C1.NewSettlementsAsapreludetoincreasedBritishinterest,CaptainJamesStirling(laterSirJames)exploredtheSwanRiveronthewesterncoastin1827andledagroupofBritishinvestorsintheestablishmentofWesternAustraliain1829.Underfinanced,Stirling'snewsettlementoffreesettlersatPerthstagnated.In1850thecolonyrequestedconvictstoincreaseitslaborsupplyandreceivedabout10,000until1868.Onlywiththediscoveryofgoldinthe1890s,however,wasthefortuneofWesternAustraliareversed.SouthAustralia,withitscapitalofAdelaide,wasestablishedinJuly1837.ItwastheplanofEdwardWakefield,aBritishreformerwhowantedtocreatenewcoloniesreflectingBritishculturalvalues.Bysellinglandratherthangivingitaway(thepastBritishpractice),Wakefieldhopedtousetheincometosponsortheimmigrationoflaborerstomeettheneedsofcolonialfarmers.Bycontrollinglandprices,heassumedhecouldregulatecolonialexpansion.Thenewcolonyeventuallysucceededasasocietyofsmallgrainfarmers.Likeeachoftheothercolonies,itfailedtorecognizetherightsoftheAborigines.C2.GrowthofSheepGrazingAustraliansoilsandclimate,withtherecurrentdroughts,werebettersuitedforlarge-scalegrazingthanforfarming,andthemostsuccessfulanddramatictransformationoftheAustraliancontinentoccurredinthe1830sand1840s,assquattersestablishedhugesheepruns.Payingonly10poundsayearforalicense,squatterscouldclaimvirtuallyasmuchlandastheywanted.TheexpansionofsheepgrazingresultedinthecolonizationofthePortPhillipdistrict,whichin1850becamethecolonyofVictoria,withitscapitalatMelbourne(foundedin1836).Tothenorth,graziersalsogavetheoutlinestoanothercolony,Queensland(withitscapitalatBrisbane),whichwasseparatedfromNewSouthWalesin1859.From1830to1850woolexportsrosefrom2millionpoundsto41millionpounds.Withnewimmigrantsandthegrowthofthecapitalcities,eachofwhichservedasthemajorportforitsregion,theAustraliancoloniesbegantoagitateformorecontrolovertheirgovernmentalsystems.C3.DevelopmentofPoliticalInstitutionsThetransferofmoreauthorityfromBritaintothecolonieswashelpedbyBritain'sadoptionoffreetradeinthelate1840s.Freetrade,whichmeantthatBritainwouldbuy用心爱心专心fromthelowest-pricesupplierandsellinthemostprofitablemarket,eliminated-atleastinprinciple-theneedforcolonies.Thus,in1850,withouthavingtouniteintoacommonfront,theeasterncoloniesreceivednewconstitutions.Victoria,SouthAustralia,andVanDiemen'sLand(whichchangeditsnametoTasmaniain1854)weregivenlegislativecouncils,withtwo-thirdsofthemembershiptobeelected.NewSouthWaleshadbeengrantedthesameprovisionin1842.Bythemid-1850seachofthefoureasterncoloniesrefashioneditsgovernmentalsystemandgainedcontroloveritslandpolicy.Thenewsystemsvestedpowerinacabinetorcouncilofministersresponsibletothelegislatureandprovidedapopularlyelectedassemblyasapartofthatlegislature.Votingbyballot(insteadofbytheraisingofhands)andotherinnovationsmadethenewgovernmentsquitedemocratic.Thenewconstitutionsreflectedtheinterestsoftheurbanpopulations,whowantedtoreducethepoliticalpowerofthegraziers,butthegraziersstillmanaged,duringthe1850sand1860s,togainmoresecurityintheirlandholdings.C4.GoldRushandConsequencesThegoldrushofthe1850sspedupthedevelopmentofthesocialandpoliticalsystems.InApril1851,EdwardHargravesfoundgoldatSummerHillCreekinNewSouthWales.WiththerecentexperienceoftheCaliforniagoldrushinmind,othersjoinedintherush,whichquicklybecamecenteredinVictoriaatMountAlexander,Ballarat,andBendigo.GoldwaslaterfoundelsewhereinNewSouthWalesa...
