高中英语Unit5 The power of nature文章 The Societal Effects of Volcanoes人教版选修六VIP专享VIP免费

TheSocietalEffectsofVolcanoesVolcanoesareknownfortheirviolenteruptionsandlavaflows,buttherearemanybenefitsthatvolcanoesprovideforsociety.Volcanoeshelpenrichsoilforfarmingandinsomecasesprovidereservoirsforthestorageofgroundwater(Chester186).Moreovertheearth'svaluableresourcesareformedinvolcanoes.Theseelementsincludefluorine,sulfur,zinc,copper,lead,arsenic,tin,molybdenum,uranium,tungsten,silver,mercury,andgold(Chester186).Societymakesuseofalloftheseelementsthatvolcanoeshelptoprovide.Geothermalpowerisanalternateenergysourcethatisbetterfortheenvironmentandvolcanoesprovidethistosocietyalso.Volcanoesevenhelpusunderstandpastcivilizationsandcultures.Thelavapreservesfossilsandartifactsthatscientistscanlearnfrom(Chester186).Thepicturebelowisafossilizedfishthatwaspreservedbyvolcanoes.Therearefivegasesthatareproducedbyvolcanicactivity.Allofthesegasesareharmfulexceptforwatervapor.Thesefivegasesarewatervapor,carbondioxide,sulfurdioxide,fluorine,andchlorine.CarbondioxideisoneofthemaincausesoftheGreenhouseeffect,buttherearenotsignificantamountsforthecarbondioxideemittedfromvolcaniceruptionstocontributetotheGreenhouseeffect.Humanityisresponsibleforemitting110billiontonsofcarbondioxideeachyear,whilevolcanoesonlycontribute10billiontons(Fisher).Sulfurdioxidecanhaveashort-termeffectontheweather.Asulfuricacidaerosolcanremainintheatmosphereforyearsafteraneruption(Fisher).Thisaerosolblocksthesunandcausescoolertemperaturesglobally.Thesulfurdioxideeventuallydepletes,butisreplenishedbyeacheruptionrichinsulfurdioxide.Fluorinecanbeadeadlytoanimalsafteraneruption.Ittendstocondenseinrainand用心爱心专心coatgrassesandplants(Fisher).Thefluorineispoisonoustoanimalsthateatthefluorine-coatedgrassandplants.Chlorineisemittedashydrochloricacidintotheatmosphere.ChlorinedestroystheozonelayerthatprotectstheDNAofplantsandanimals(Fisher).Watervaporistheonlyoneofthesegasesthathelpssocietybyreplenishingthewatersupply.Therearemanyhazardsfromvolcaniceruptions.Thedifferentkindsofhazardscanbelavaflows,pyroclasticfalldeposits,volcanicgases,tsunamis,andmanymore(Chester193).Lavaflowshavekilledarelativelysmallnumberofpeople.Themajorityofthedamagetosocietyfromvolcanoesiseconomic,agricultural,andsettlementscanberuined(Chester186).Thedamagescanbeincreasedwiththechangeofhumanpopulationiscertainareas.Themorepeoplethatliveinhazardousareas,thehighertheriskis.Awaytolimitthehazardsisthepredictionoferuptions.Therearetwooptionsforpredictingvolcanicactivity:generalpredictionandspecificprediction.Generalpredictionisthestudyofpastvolcanicactivitythatcanpredictthefrequency,magnitude,andstyleoferuptions(Chester196).Specificpredictionfocusesonpredictingtheactualtimeoferuptions.Thistimeisfoundbasedonsurveillanceofthevolcanoandmonitoringitschanges(Chester194).Thesuccessofpredictiondependsonalotoftimeandmoneythatputsmoreadvancednationsaheadofthepoorercountries.Manypeoplebelievethatthereisactionthatshouldbetakenonaninternationalleveltoimprovethemonitoringofvolcanoes.Theyproposethatweusesatellitestokeepaneyeontheshapeofvolcanoes.Massproductionofseismographs,tiltmeters,andgasdetectorswouldobserveseismicactivity,grounddeformation,andgasemission(Chester192).Theseadvancementswouldpossiblyhelptofigureouthowvolcanicplumbingworks.Scientistsalsosuggestthatwetestclimaticchangeandstudyicecores用心爱心专心tofindemissionsfrompasteruptions(Chester192).Alloft...