IntroductionTricolplcacompanywhomakesarangeoffurnitureandkitchenware.Andoneofitsmostpopularproductsisthe‘Zupper’expandabletable.Thepurposeofwritingthisreportistodothevarianceanalysis,projectevaluationandtocomparethebudgetandactualdatabyusingthetechnique.FindingsPartAPossibleReasonforVariances1.MaterialDirectMaterial–Total-￡2,400Fmadeup:DirectMaterialUsage–￡20000F(Levelofsignificance–usage/totalbudgetedMaterialcosts=8,000/64,000=12.5%>3%,shouldbereviewed)2000kglessmaterialsareusedthanbudgetedfortheactuallevelofproduction.Possiblereasonmaybeusingthehigher-gradematerialwithlesswastage.Orthenewmachineryuselessmaterialsandincurslesswstage.DirectMaterialPrice–￡5,600A(5,600/64,000=8.75%>3%)Itis￡1perkgmoreexpensivethanplannedPossiblereason:Newmaterialsupplierdoesnotgivediscountsformaterials.Hither-gradematerialshavebeenusedwhichismoreexpensive.2.LabourDirectLabourTotal-￡6,400ADirectLabourRate–￡3,520A(3,520/28,800=12.2%>3%)Onaverage,theactuallabourrateis￡1/hourhigherthanbudgetedPossiblereason:ThewagesettlementishigherthanexpectedThenewmachinerequirestrainingssothatovertimerequiredmorethanexpected.DirectlabourEfficiency-￡2000A>3%)4.16%Actually,morethan200labourhourshavebeenusedthanbudgeted.Possiblereason:Newmachineryrequiresmorehoursfortraining..Humanresourceissues–theskilledoperativesisnotenough.3．TotalOverhead-￡600FRateis4.70%UnpredictedincreaseininsuranceandAdministrationcostsPossiblereason:Newmachinerybringsmoreexpensiveinsurance,highermaintenanceandadditionaladministrativecosts.PartB1.Keyassumptionsmade:a)Thereisnotaxationandinflation.b)Assumedthatthereisnovarygivenreturnmarketrate.c)Thetotalcostoftheprojectwillbepayableatthestartd)Theexpectedrevenuefromtheinvestment–thisistheexpectedNetCashFlowafterdeductionofallrelevantcosts2.PaybackPaybackinthiscaseis4.125years(totalinvestment-returnperiodisfiveyears).Sothecompanycangetbacktheinvestment.TheNetPresentValueis￡-64，800.Itindicatesthattheprojectdoesnotappeartobefinanciallyviable.ConclusionPartBThisprojectisavailablebecausethepaybackis4.125years.ButtheNetPresentValue(NPV)isnegative.Sotheprojectisnotavailable.However,weshouldusetheconclusionoftheNetPresentValuebecausetheNetPresentValue(NPV)consideredthetimevalueofmoney.RecommendationsPartARecommendationsformanagementaction:1.Allthevariancesshouldbeanalysisbecauseallofthemareabove3%,thelevelofsignificance.2.Particularly,thedirectlabourvariancesneedfurtherinvestigation–whyisthecompanypayingahigherwageratebutthelabourproductivityislowerthanplanned.PartB1.Toconsidertheeffectofthenewfacilitiesoncompany’sownstaff–intermsofemploymentandredeploymentopportunities.2.Toconsideranychangesinanyotherareas,likesocial,political,economic,legalandtechnologicalfactors.3.Whetheritispossibleforthecompanytoraisethesufficientfunds–toconsiderifthecurrentcashflowpositioncansupportsuchaninvestment.AppendixPartA1.Table1TricolplcFlexedBudgetforJuneTricolplcFlexedBudgetForJuneFixedBudget2,000unitsFlexedBudget1,600unitsActual1,600unitsVariance￡￡￡￡A/FDirectMaterial10*4*2,000=80,00010*4*1,600=64,00061,6002,400FDirectLabor2*9*2,000=36,0002*9*1,600=28,80035,2006,400AVariableProductionOverheads2*2,000=4,0002*1,600=3,2003,2000Insurancecosts2,2002,2002,400200ADepreciation1,5001,5001,5000RentandRates2,5002,5002,5000AdministrationOverheads2,0002,0002,200200AFixedOverheads8,2008,2008,600400ATotal128,200104,200108,6004,400A2.FurtherVarianceAnalysisThecalculationofthevariancesa)Directmaterialtotal:(BudgetedQuantity*BudgetedPrice)–(ActualQuantity*ActualPrice)=(4kg*1,600*￡10perkg)-(5,600kg*￡11perkg)=￡64,000-￡61,600=￡2,400Fb)Directmaterialusage:Budgetedprice*(BudgetedQuantity–ActualQuantity)=￡10perkg*(4kg*1,600-5,600kg)=￡8,000Fc)Directmaterialprice:ActualQuantity*(Budgetedprice–Actualprice)=5,600kg*(￡10perkg-￡11perkg)=￡5,600Ad)Directlabortotal:BudgetedHours*BudgetedRate–Actualhours*ActualRate=(2hours*1600*￡9)-￡35200=￡6,400Ae)Directlaborrate:ActualHours*(BudgetedRate–ActualRate)=3,520hours*(￡9-￡10)=￡3,520Af)Directlaborefficiency:BudgetedRate*(BudgetedHours–ActualHours)=￡9-(2hours*1600-3520hours)=￡2,880Ag)Totaloverhead:(BudgetVariableOverhead+BudgetFixedOverhead)-(ActualVariableOverhead+ActualFixedOverhead)=(£4000+£8200)-(£3200+£8600)=£400FPartB1.PaybackperiodmethodYearYearlynetcashflow￡Cumulativecashflow￡0(1,000,000)(1,000,000)1160,000(840,000)2160,000(680,000)3320,000(360,000)4320,000(40,000)5320,000280,000Netcashbenefits280,000280,000Payback=4+40,000/320,000=4.125years2.Discountcashflowtechnique(netpresentvalue)CalculationofNetPresentValue（NPV）at10%YearAnnualcashflowPresentvaluefactorsat10%PresentValue￡￡￡0(1000,000)1.000(1,000,000)1160,0000.909145,4402160,0000.826132,1603320,0000.751240,3204320,0000.683218,5605320,0000.621198,720935,200NetPresentValue（NPV）(64,800)
