1ArgumentExample调查1,Selectivesample:样本选择，一部分被排除在外Onemajorproblemisaboutthesampletheauthorstudiedinthesurvey.theauthorconsidersonly...(selectivesub-groups)although(thesub-groupstheauthorstudied)doconstituteasignificantpartof(thewholegeneralpopulation),however,(manyothersub-groups)areactuallyexcludedfromthesurvey.Perhaps...or...withoutrulingoutallthepossibilitiesabove,theauthorcouldnotmakeanygeneralconclusionabout...merelybasedon(selectivesub-groups).4，14，16，45，63，65，67，80，84，88，90，97，123，146，154，156，168，179，185，193，196，207，227，231，232，236，238，2392,Quantityofthesample样本数量(pointingoutthatthecurrentsampleistoosmallinitssize)(thefactcitedbytheauthor)couldhardlyillustratetheassumptionthat...becausetheauthorprovidesonlyNsamplesof(thegeneralpopulation),however,(thelimitedsample)mightnotberepresentativeofthewholegeneralgroup.thuswecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusionthat...beforehe/shecouldprovidemorestatisticdataabout(thesituationofothersub-groups).10，14，33，40，53，69，95，115，123，132，139，150，154，158，167，179，180，188，191，2393,Dothestatisticsmakeanydifference:调查只调查了部分情况，忽略了一部分Theinformationprovidedbytheauthorisinsufficientfortheauthortoreachtheconclusion.thesurveyonlystudiesthesituationof...(an(some)insignificantcase(s)),however,manyothermoreessentialcases(relatedtothefinalconclusion)wereignoredinthesurvey.(weneedtoknowtheconditionofsomeothercasesaboutwhichwecaremore/thecurrentcasestudiedinthesurveymakeslittlesenseonthefinalconclusion,theauthorshouldprovidesomemoreimportantinformationaboutthecasehestudied.)Lackingfurtherstudiesontheseimportantissues,theauthorcouldnothastilyconcludethat...merelybasedontheinsignificantstudy.158，165，183，202，211，21717，115，147，2205,Whoconductedthesurvey:结果扭曲，调查者为了自己的利益Thereliabilityofthesurveyisalsoopentodoubtduetotheorganizationwhoconductedthesurvey.(theorganization)hasvestedinterestinthefinaldecision/conclusionwhichwasbasedontheresultofthesurvey,andthusmightdistorttheactualanswersoftherespondents.(theinstitution/individualsmaybenefitgreatlyfromtheresultiftheresultwasinterpretedaswascurrently)Thus,theauthorshouldciteasurveywhichisconductedbyanindependentinstitutiontoconvinceusthat(theassumption).115，1566,Whenwasthesurveyconducted:时间变化Theeffectivenessoftheresultofthesurveycitedbytheauthorasmainevidenceisalsoopentodoubt.Thesurveywasconduct(duringaspecialperiod,oralongtimeago),thusmaynotreflectthecurrentsituationsaccurately.Itistruethat(thesurveymayreflecttheopinionsorsituationsofrespondentsatthetimewhenitwasconducted),butpeople’sopiniontoward(thesubjectsurveyed)mayhavechangedgreatlyduringthepasttime(or,whilethisfactcouldnotsufficientlyillustratethat(thegeneralgroup)willalso...allthetime)(manyfactorsthatcouldinfluencethevalidityofthesurveywillchangeinthefuture,orrespondentsmayactdifferentlyduringtheperiodwhenthesurveywasconducted,thustheresultofthesurveycouldnotrepresenttheall-timesituation.)Thus,amorerecentsurvey,ifasurveyisneededatall,shouldbeprovidedtosufficientlyillustratetheauthor’sassumptionthat...27,Vaguedata:数据模糊—没有基数Theinformationconcerning...isnotaccurateenoughforustoevaluatetheactualconditionof...Theauthoronlyinformsusthat(thepercentage/fractionofsub-groupswhich...butwedonotknowthebaseamountof(thegeneralgroup)(ifthebaseamountorco...
