Explanation1.NeutralPackaging:Neutralpackagingistheonethatmakesnomentionatallthenameofthecountrywhichproducesthegoodsandthenameofthemanufactureronthecommodityandontheouterandinnerpackages.2.Demurrage:itisthecostofdelayingaship，totheship-ownerpaidbythecharterer.3.DispatchMoney:Dispatchmoneyisanamountofcompensationpaidbytheship-ownertothechartererwhentheloadingand/orunloadingcanbecompletedinlesstimeallowedinthevoyagecharterparty.Dispatchmoneyisnormallybasedon,orasafractionof,therateofdemurrage.4.ForeignExchange:ForeignExchangeisthecurrencyofanyforeigncountrywhichistheauthorizedinstrumentandthebasisforrecordkeepinginthatcountry.Inthecontextofinternationaltrade,foreignexchangemeanstheinstrumentsexpressedinforeigncurrencyandemployedinmakingpaymentsbetweencountries—papercurrency,notes,checks,billsofexchange,andelectronicnotificationsofinternationalcreditsanddebits.5.B/L(BillofLading):Itisashippingdocumentthatservesasaproofofdeliveryofgoodstothecarrier，ameansoftransferringrightstthegoodsbythetransferofthepaperdocumenttoanotherparty，andanevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebetweentheshippingcompanyandtheshipper。6.Draft:Adraft(alsocalledbillofexchange)isanunconditionalorderinwritingsignedbyoneparty(drawer)requestingasecondparty(drawer/payer)tomakepaymentinlawfulmoneyimmediatelyoratadeterminablefuturetimetoathirdparty(payee).Inthecontextofinternationaltrade,thedrawerandpayeeisusuallythesellerandthedraweeandpayerisusuallythebuyer.7.Presentation:Presentationmeanstheholderofthedraftletsthedraweesightthedraftforpaymentoracceptance,dependingonwhetherasightdraftoratimedraftispresented.8.SWIFT:(SWIFTisshortforSocietyforWorldwideinterbankFinancialTelecommunication)whichisinChineseandtheindustry-ownedco-operativesupplyingsecure,standardizedmessagingservicesinterfacesoftwaretonearly8,100financialinstitutionsin2007countriesandterritories.SWIFTmembersincludebanks,broker-dealersandinvestmentmanagers.ThebroaderSWIFTcommunityalsoencompassescorporatesaswellasmarketinfrastructuresinpayments,securities,treasuryandtrade.Overthepasttenyears,SWIFTmessagepricehavebeenreducedover80%.9.Endorsement:Endorsementisalegaltermthatreferstothesigningofadocumentwhichallowsforthelegaltransferofanegotiablefromonepartytoanother.10Collection:Documentarycollectionisameansofensuringthatgoods(titledocuments)areonlyhandedovertobuyer(byabank)whentheamountshownonabillofexchangeispaidorwhenthecustomeracceptsthebillasacontracttopaybyaspecificdate.二Internationalcurrencysystem1Internationalmonetarysystemisbroadlydefinedasthesetofconventions,rules,proceduresandinstitutionsthatgoverntheconductoffinancialrelationsbetweennations.Narrowlyspeaking,itreferstointernationalexchangeratesystem.?Therearethreeinternationalexchangeratesystemsinhistory:thegoldstandard,theBrettonWoods,andthefloatingexchange.2Classificationofinternationalmonetarysystem:Allinternationalmonetarysystems,whatevertheirform,havemuchincommonanddifferonlyincertainrespects.Economistsusuallyusesevercriteriaforclassifyingthevariouspossibleinternationalmonetarysystem.Theroleofexchangerate(flexibilityorrigidityofF-X/fixed,floating)?Thenatureofthereserveasset(commodityreserves;fiduciary(fiat)reserves-inconvertiblepaperstandard;mixedstandards-goldexchangestandard)3ThecharacteristicsofagoodinternationalmonetarysystemToanswerhowtochoose,whichisgoodandwhatcriteria,wemustident...
