Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas“Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea”.Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion“Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?”hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofile(起伏形状)oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(测深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition(考察),whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.21.TheproposaltolayatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericamadeoceanographicstudiestakeon______.A)anacademicaspectC)abusinessaspectB)amilitaryaspectD)aninternationalaspect22.Itwas______thataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.A)theAmericanNavyB)someearlyintercontinentaltravelersC)thosewhoearnedalivingfromtheseaD)thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable23.TheaimofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsibleforinthe1840swas______.A)tomakesomesoundingexperimentsintheoceansB)tocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimalsC)toestimatethelengthofcablethatwasneededD)tomeasurethedepthsofthetwooceans24.“Defied”inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans“______”.A)doubtedC)challengedB)gaveprooftoD)agreedto25.Thispassageismainlyabout______.A)thebeginningsofoceanographyB)thelayingofthefirstunderseacableC)theinvestigationofoceandepthsD)theearlyintercontinentalcommunications根据以下文章回答21到25题。(25)海洋学被定义为“运用所有学科的知识对海洋进行研究。”在19世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家寥寥无几。当然，牛顿在他的写作中对海洋进行了一些理论上的探讨，但是他不愿意亲自去海上进一步深入他的研究。对大多数人们来说，大海是遥远的。除了早期的洲际旅行者和在海上谋生的人，没有多少人会提出关于海洋的诸多问题，更不用说会有人问及在大海的表面下有什么东西了。(21)人们第一次必须从商业角度回答“大海的底部有什么？”这个问题是在人们提议铺设欧洲和美洲之间电缆的时候。工程师们必须知道铺设电缆路线的深度变化，来估计需要生产的电缆长度。(22)1853年大西洋电报公司向美国海军的Maury求助以获得这方面的信息。(23)19世纪40年代，Maury曾经负责旨在鼓励人们对北大西洋和太平洋的深度进行探测的航海活动。后来，他的一些研究结果被收录在他的《海洋自然地理学》一书中，并引起了广泛的兴趣。电缆被铺设起来，但是直到1866年才被永久性接通并开始稳定使用。(24)在早期的多次尝...
