英语词汇学之构词法BYCOBRA构词法(WORD-FORMATION)主要构词法合成法派生法转化法其它合成法(COMPOUND)一、概念将两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词法称为合成法。二、方法1.直接写在一起bedroom,newspaper,horseback2.用连字符(-)连接part-time,good-looking,second-hand3.由两个分开的词构成blacklist,blacksea,blacksheep三、类别1.合成名词2.合成动词3.合成形容词4.合成副词和合成代词合成名词方式例词名词+名词football,notebook,seafood,hand-book...形容词+名词blackboard,first-class,greenhouse…动名词+名词waiting-room,writing-desk,sleepingbag..动词+名词pickpocket,turn-coat,sleepwalker…副词+名词income,overcoat,inland…代词+名词he-goat,she-wolf…名词+介词+名词father-in-law,editor-in-chief…动词+副词take-off,breakup,breakdown…副词+动词output,download,overflow…合成动词构成方式例词名词+动词sleepwalk,waterski,daydream,sunbathe…副词+动词overcome,overeat,upload,uphold…形容词+副词whitewash,quick-charge,blacklist,ill-treat…其它方式blow-dry,spin-dry…梦游滑水做白日梦沐日光浴克服吃太多上传维护刷白快速充电列入黑名单虐待吹干甩干合成形容词构成方式例词过去分词或-ed词尾kind-hearted,middle-aged,new-born-ing词尾good-looking,easy-going,man-eating形+名或名+形full-time,first-class,ice-cold,brand-new其它方式two-hour,out-door,up-hill,see-through好心的中年的新生的好看的随和的吃人的全职的头等的冰冷的全新的两小时的户外的上山的透明的合成副词和合成代词构成方式例词合成副词empty-handed,single-handed,sidewayshowever,anywhere,downstairs合成代词myself,himself,ourselvessomeone,anybody,nothing,everyone空手地单枪匹马地向一边然而任何地方往楼下我自己他自己我们自己某人任何人没事每个人派生法(DERIVATION)一、概念通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词的方法叫派生法。二、方法1.加在前unhappy,impolite,asleep,endanger…2.加在后actor,hopeless,policeman,imagination…3.既加前又加后unlucky,disagreement…三、类别1.前缀(一般只改变词义，不改变词性)2.后缀(一般只改变词性，不改变词义)常见前缀1—改变词类构成方式例词a.a-加在名词前构成形容词或副词asleep,aboard,aside…b.be-加在名词或形容词前构成动词befriend,bewitch,behead…c.em-加在名词前构成动词embark,embed,empower…d.en-加在名词前构成动词endanger,encourage…e.en-加在形容词前构成动词enrich,enlarge,endear…f.out-加在名词或形容词前构成动词outsmart,outnumber…睡着的在船上在旁边帮助蛊惑砍头使从事使嵌入使能够危及鼓励使富裕扩大使亲密智胜比…多常见前缀2—构成反义构成方式例词un-unable,uncertain,unhappy,unluckily,undoil-illegal,illogical,illiterate…im-impolite,impossible,impatient…in-informal,independent,injustice…ir-irregular,irresponsible,irresistible…dis-disadvantage,disorder,dislike…不能的不确定的不幸地松开违法的不合逻辑的不识字的无礼的不可能的没耐心的非正式的独立的不公正不规则的不负责任的不可抗拒的缺点杂乱不喜欢常见前缀3—特定意思构成方式例词anti-(反)antiwar,anticancer,antipollution…auto-(自动)automatic,autotimer,auto-record…bi-(双)bicycle,binoculars…centi-(百分之一的)centimeter,centigram,centigrade…co-(共同)co-operate,co-edit,co-exit…down(向下)downstairs,downhill,downwards…ex-(以前的)ex-wife,ex-lover,ex-husband…fore-(前部的)forehead,foreleg,forearm…full-(完全)full-time,full-speed,full-strength…常见后缀1—名词后缀后缀例词-anAsian,American,Russian,African…-anceattendance,performance,assistance…-ationeducation,examination,pronunciation…-domfreedom,kingdom,wisdom,boredom…-encedifference,preference,existence…-erdiver,writer,dancer,reporter…-eseChinese,Japanese,Portuguese…-essactress,princess,godde...
