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(Disturbancesofwaterandelectrolytebalance)第三章水和电解质代谢紊乱病理生理教研室病理生理教研室吴立玲吴立玲(Normalmetabolismofwaterandelectrolyte)第一节水与电解质的正常代谢一、体液的容量和分布(Volumeanddistributionofbodyfluid)体液(bodyfluid)体内的水和溶解在其中的物质。(Waterandelectrolytesbalance)水与电解质平衡体液的容量(volume)化学成分(composition)渗透压(osmoticpressure)分布(distribution)相对恒定Totalbodywater(TBW)60%细胞内液Intracellularfluid(ICF)40％细胞外液Extracellularfluid(ECF)组织间隙15％组织液Interstitialfluid(ISF)血浆5%PlasmaTranscellularfluid(thirdspace)1％影响体液容量的因素BodyfluidTBW(%)AdultmaleTBW(%)AdultfemaleTBW(%)InfantNormal605070Lean706080Obese504260年龄、性别、胖瘦二、体液的电解质(Electrolyteinbodyfluid)ECF:Na+、Cl-、HCO3-ICF:K+、Mg2+、HPO42-Pr-血[Na＋]140mmol/L血[Cl－]104mmol/L血[HCO3－]24mmol/L平均正常值三、体液的渗透压和水的交换(Osmoticpressureofbodyfluidandwatermovement)(一)体液的渗透压(Osmoticpressureofbodyfluid)280~310mmol/L(mOsm/L)血浆渗透压(二)水的交换(Watermovement)1.细胞内外水的运动(watermovementbetweenoutside-insideofcell)水自由通过,蛋白质、Na＋、K＋、Ca2+等不能自由通过2.血管内外水的运动(watermovementbetweenoutside-insideofcapillary)蛋白质等大分子物质受限,水和电解质自由交换Dailyintake(ml/day)Dailyoutput(ml/day)Drinking1300Urine1500Waterinfood900Lungs400Waterofoxidation300Skin500Stool100Total2500Total25003.体内外水的运动(Watermovementbetweenoutside-insideofbody)每日最低尿量500ml呼吸道失水皮肤不显性蒸发生理需水量:1500ml/day(从尿排代谢废物35g/日最大浓度6～8g％）三、水和钠的生理功能(Physiologicfunctionofwaterandsodium)(一)水的生理功能(Functionofbodywater)促进物质代谢调节体温润滑(二)钠的生理功能(Physiologicfunctionofsodium)维持体液的渗透压和酸碱平衡参与细胞动作电位的形成四、水与钠平衡的调节(Regulationofwaterandsodiumbalance)1.渴感(thirst)渴中枢渴中枢ECF渗透压血容量2.抗利尿激素(antidiuretichormone,ADH)ECF渗透压↑有效循环血量↓渗透压感受器ADH↑肾重吸收水↑ECF量↑渗透压↓容量感受器3.醛固酮(aldosterone)有效循环血量↓醛固酮↑肾重吸收Na+↑H2O↑ECF量↑低血Na+高血K+42岁男性，因恶心、呕吐、腹胀和腹部绞痛3天入院。既往史：20岁做过阑尾切除术。体检：T38.7C，脉搏104beat/minBP115/70mmHg腹胀，有压痛和反跳痛。皮肤和舌干燥，尿量5ml/h化验：血[Na＋]152mmol/L,[Cl-]108mmol/L,[K+]5.4mmol/L，尿比重1.038Casestudywoman38，2-dayhistoryofweaknessandposturaldizziness（直立性眩晕）History：laxative（泻药）abusewithmultiplebowelmovementseachdayPhysicalexamination：BP110/60mmHgfallsto80/50mmHgHR100beats/minandregularSkinturgorispoorThemucousmembraneisdryCasestudyLaboratorytest[Na+]=140mmol/L[K+]=3.3mmol/L[Cl-]＝116mmol/LUrine[Na+]=9mmol/LBUN=40mg/dLArterialpH=7.25[HCO3-]=12mmol/LPaCO2=28mmHg(Disturbancesofwaterandsodiumbalance)第二节水、钠代谢紊乱脱水(dehydration)◆高渗性◆低渗性◆等渗性水过多(waterexcess)◆水中毒◆水肿类型（Classification）低钠血症（hyponatremia)Theserumsodiumconcentration<130mmol/L高钠血症（hypernatremia)Theserumsodiumconcentration>150mmol/L一、脱水(Dehydration)体液容量减少(>2%)。Todescribewaterdeficit1.概念(concept)低容量性高钠血症(hypovolemichypernatremia)(一)高渗性脱水(hypertonicdehydration)waterloss＞sodiumlossserum[Na+]>150mmol/Lplasmaosmoticpressure＞310mmol/L2.原因(causes)(1)入量不足(decreaseofintake)(2)丢失过多(lostfromECF)水源断绝丧失口渴感进食困难大量出汗尿崩症和渗透性利尿呼吸道蒸发失水>...