外研社八年级英语Module 5 Section 1 Background ReadingsVIP免费

MODULE5WesternmusicPart2:TeachingResources第二部分教学资源Section1:BackgroundReadings1．MusicMusicisanaturalintuitivephenomenonoperatinginthethreeworldsoftime,pitch,energy,andunderthethreedistinctandinterrelatedorganizationstructuresofrhythm,harmony,andmelody.Sincethemusicphenomenonisnaturalandintuitive,humanscanalsovirtuallyperformandhearmusicintheirminds,withoutevenlearningorunderstandingit.Traditionally,oneofthemajordifficultiesindefiningmusichasbeentousethewordtotrytodescribeallactivitiesandthingsrelatedtomusicand/orsound.Forexample,scoresonlybecomemusicthroughperformance(s),orwhen(recorded)performancesarereplayed.Whilemusicisanaturalintuitivephenomenon,composing,improvisingandperformingitareartforms.Also,listeningtoitcanbeasourceofentertainment,whilelearningandunderstandingitaredisciplines.Foranalogy,walkingisanactivitythatusesthenaturalandintuitivephenomenonofgravity,butwalkingisnotgravity.Usingthetermgravitytorepresentallthingsrelatedtogravitydoesnothelpdefinetheterm.Thesameistrueformusic.SeeDefinitionsofmusicandthe'Whatismusic?'sectionlocatedbelow.2.WesternmusicWesternmusicisabroadcategoryofmusicthatincludesallmusicalgenresthatusea12-notechromaticscale,includingWesternclassicalmusic,rockandroll,andmanyotherformsofpopularmusic.ThewordWesternmaybemisleading;althoughmuchofthismusiccamefromEuropeandNorthAmerica,importantcontributionshavecomefromplaceslikeRussia,Japan,andAustralia.WesternmusicdevelopedoutofthecreativelyfertileframeworkofWesternphilosophythathaditsbirthplaceinancientGreece.Pythagorasexperimentedwithintervalsofsoundbasedonsmallintegers,whichwerecognizetodayasthe12-notechromaticscale.FromtheselogicalrootsdevelopedthechantsofearlyChristiantradition,firstmonophonic,andlaterpolyphonicandincludinginstruments.3.ViennaViennaisthecapitalofAustria,andalsooneofAustria'sninestates.Withapopulationofabout1.6million,ViennaisthelargestcityandtheculturalandpoliticalcentreofAustria.SituatedonbothsidesoftheriverDanube,Viennais60kilometres(37miles)fromtheAustrian-Slovakborder,i.e.alsofromtheSlovakcapital,Bratislava.ViennaissurroundedbytheAustrianstateofLowerAustria.Itisoneofthebest-knowncitiesinEuropeandhasaprominentplaceinthehistoryofWesterncivilization,worldcultureandhistory.TheUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO),theOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC),theInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA),aswellasotherUnitedNationsOfficesandmanyinternationalinstitutionsandcompanies,arelocatedinVienna.4.Music,theatreandoperainViennaArtandculturehavealongtraditioninVienna,intheareasoftheatre,operaandthefinearts.AsidefromtheBurgtheaterwhich,togetherwithitsbranch,theAkademietheaterisconsideredoneofthebesttheatresintheGerman-speakingworld,theVolkstheaterandtheTheaterinderJosefstadtalsoofferhigh-qualitytheatreentertainment.Also,thereisamultitudeofsmallertheatres,oftenequalinqualitytotheirlargercounterpartsandinmanycasesdevotedtolessmainstreamformsofperformingartssuchasmodern,experimentalplaysorcabaret.Viennaalsooffersagreatmanyopportunitiesforfansoftheopera:TheStaatsoperandtheVolksoperoffersomethingforeveryone,thelatterbeingespeciallydevotedtothetypicalVienneseoperetta.Concertsofclassicalmusicareperformed,amongothers,inthewell-knownGreatHalloftheWienerMusikvereinandintheWienerKonzerthaus.Inaddition,variousconcertvenuesofferconcertsaimedatvisitors,featuringthebestknownhighlightsofViennesemusic(particularlytheworksofWolfgangAmadeusMozartandJohannStrauss).Inrecentyears,theTheateranderWienhasbecomewidelyknownforhostingpremieresofmusicals.Themostsuccessfulbyfarwas"Elisabeth"whichwasafterwardstranslatedintoseveralforeignlanguagesandperformedallovertheworld.WiththeopeningoftheHausderMusikin2000,Viennaalsohasa"MuseumofSound"forallagesnow.Finally,manyRomanCatholicchurchesincentralViennafeatureperformancesofreligiousorothermusic,includingmassessungwithclassicalmusicandorgan.