实用标准文案精彩文档Chapter1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?什么是语言学[A]ThedefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage(对语言进行的科学研究)Processoflinguisticstudy:①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;②Hypothesesareformulated;③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究1.Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)2.Phonology:isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)3.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)4.Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)5.Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstraction6.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseSociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningAnthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics实用标准文案精彩文档[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.③Speechandwriting言语与文字Spokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten④Langueandparole语言和言语ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统)Parole:referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指语言在实际运用中的实现)⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)Competence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识)Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.(这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现)Whatislanguage?什么是语言[A]ThedefinitionoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。)a)System:combinedtogetheraccordingtorules(根据规则组合在一起)b)Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系)c)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages(所有语言的首要媒介都是声音)d)Human:languageishuman-specific(语言是人类所独有的)[B]Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication(识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征)①Arbitrariness(任意性)Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.(意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系;虽然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)b)somecompoundwords(某些复合词)②Producti...