浙江大学远程教育学院《普通语言学》课程作业答案AnswerstoExercises(1)I.Directions:Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.1.synchronic2.allophones3.derivational4.transformational5.synonyms6.perlocutionary_7.Conqueror8.speech9.utterance10.rootIIDirections:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.11.T12.F.13.F.14.T15.F.Thesetwolinguisticformsdifferinsensebutasamatteroffact,theyrefertothesamestar.16.F.Themeaningofasentenceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.17.T18.T19.FItisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressions"morningstar"and"eveningstar."Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.20.TIII.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.21.Arbitrarinessisoneofthedesi&1featureswhichdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forexample,differentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertothesameobject.22.Phoneticsisthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Itisconcernedwithallthespeech,soundsusedinallhumanlanguages.23.Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.24.Themaximofquality,oneofthefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple,requirestheparticipantsnottosaywhattheybelievetobefalseandnottosaythatforwhichtheylackadequateevidencewhenmakingconversation.25.Synchroniclinguisticsreferstothestudyofvariationinlanguageindifferentplaces_damongdifferentgroupsatagivenpointintime.26.Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguagecoexistinaspeechcommunity,eachwithadistinctmangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.27.TheSapir-WhorfhypothesisisatheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorfwhichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.IV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.28.Sentencemeaning------referstoasentenceandisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedastheabstrac,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.Utterancemeaning-----referstoasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.Itbecomesanutteranceanditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyutteredorused.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning.Sentencemeaningisconcreteandcontext-dependentandutterancemeaningisabstractandde-contextualized.Forexample:thedogisbarking;mybagisheavy.Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasaself-containedunitinisolation,thenwearetreatingitasasentence.Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetreatingitasanutterance.Mostutterancesarecompletesentencesintermsofsyntax,someutterancesarenot,andsomecannotevenberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning!”“Hi!”and“Ouch!”areallutterances,whichhavemeaningincommunication.If“Goodmorning!”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning,”wedonotknowformwhichcompletesentences“Hi!”“Ouch!"havebeenderived.AnswerstoExercise(2)I.Directions:F...
