1UNITILOGISTICS第一单元物流PARTⅠTheDefinitionofLogisticsPARTⅠ物流的定义TheintroductionofLogistics物流简介[Para1]“Logistics”isaterm,whichoriginatesfromboththearmyandFrench.AccordingtotheFrench,theBaronofJomini,whoofSwissoriginwhohadservedinNapoleon’sarmybeforejoiningtheRussiansandwholaterfoundedtheMilitaryAcademyofSt.Petersburg,firstusedthetermintheearly19thcentury.Soinamilitarysense,theterm‘logistics’encompassestransportorganization,armyreplenishmentsandmaterialmaintenance.“物流”或“后勤”一词其实源于军队,对其词义解释亦有多个不同版本,根据法国人阐述之词义,该词早于十九世纪初被祖文尼男爵率先采用。祖文尼是一名原藉瑞士的军官,他在投奔俄罗斯军队之前在拿破伦军中服役,其后一手创立“圣彼得堡军事学院”。就军事意识而言,物流管理―词意即运输编制、军队补给和物料保养。[Para2]Inthebusinessworldhowever,theconceptof“logistics”wasappliedsolelyto“MaterialReplenishmentPrograms”(MRP)andwasconfinedtothemanufacturingsectoratthebeginning.Thereforetheextensionoftheconcepttoinvolvecompanyoperationsisarelativelynewoneandtheearliestusagedatesbacktothe1950sintheUSA.然而在商务界中,“物流管理”的概念仅仅用于“物料需求计划”,并且最初是在制造业的部门开始使用。因此该概念被扩展应用于公司是相对较新的,最早使用始于美国的1950年代。[Para3]Theintroductionofcontainersandthedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhavebroughtaboutthedevelopmentandimprovementoflogistics’activities.Whereascontainerizationhashelpedmasterthetransportationprocess,informationtechnologyhasenabledinformationtobeacteduponinrealtimethusspeedinguptheflowoftransportationanddelivery.集装箱的发明以及信息技术发达,都从技术方面推动了物流活动的发展。集装箱化有助于货主掌握运输过程,信息技术使我们能在第一时间掌握信息,因此使得运输和配送的速度大大加快。[Para4]Logisticsstartswiththeprovisionofrawmaterialsandsemi-finishedgoodsforthemanufacturingprocess,andfinishesupwiththephysicaldistributionandaftersalesserviceoftheproducts.2物流管理从原材料的提供开始,经过生产过程中的半成品,以产品的分配和售后服务为结束。[Para5]Economically,thiscreatesanewsourceofprofitcharacterizedbythedevelopmentofmassdistributionandattentiontoservicequality.Thetwobasisobjectivesinpracticingbusinesslogistics,costreductionandtimesaving,haveenabledcompaniestoprofitnotonlyinperformanceandqualitybutalsoincustomersatisfaction.经济学上认为,这产生一个新的利润源泉,表现在集中配上的发展和对服务质量的关注上。实际商务物流管理的二个基础目的,费用减少和时间节省方面,已经使公司利润不仅来源于性能和质量,也来自客户满意方面。[Para6]Operationally,companiesrealizethatbyregroupingthedifferentaspectsoflogisticsandinsteadofviewingthemasseparateprocesses,substantialsavingscanbemadewithintheirbusiness’soutgoingexpenditure.从运营角度来看,公司意识到将物流的各个方面进行重组而不是将它们看成是独立的个体,更会替公司大量节省金钱。Whatislogistics?什么是物流?[Para7]Therearevariousdefinitionsofdifferenteditions.Thetermwasdefinedasfollow:有不同版本的各种不同定义,物流被定义如下:Logistics(businessdefinition):Logisticsisdefinedasabusiness-planningframeworkforthemanagementofmaterial,service,informationandcapitalflows.Itincludestheincreasinglycomplexinformation,communicationandcontrolsystemsrequiredintoday'sbusinessenvironment.——(LogisticsPartnersOy,Helsinki,FI,1996)物流管理(商务定义):物流管理被定义为材料、服务的管理、信息和资金流的商务计划的架构。它包括在今天的商务环境所需要的愈加复杂的信息、沟通...