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突然损失发电机或线路：suddenlossofageneratorortransmissionline.负荷突然增加或减少：suddenloadincreasesordecreases短路和开关操作：shortcircuitsandswitchingoperations.三相和对地短路：three-phaseandline-to-groundfaults短路器：circuitbreaker暂态过电压和电流：transientovervoltagesandcurrents雷击：lightningstrikes电涌放电器：surgearrester相量：phasor，通常用复数phasors瞬时功率：instantaneouspower特别地：Inparticular,正弦电压或电流：Asinusoidalvoltageorcurrentatconstantfrequency最大值：maximumvalue有效值：effectivevalue平均值：averagevalue坐标系实轴：realaxis坐标系虚轴：imaginaryaxis相量图：phasordiagramfor⋯无源元件：passiveelements电阻、电感、电容、电抗：resistor,inductor,andcapacitor,reactance,感性、容性：inductive,capacitive有功功率：realpoweroractivepower无功功率：reactivepower功率因数：powerfactor功率因数角：powerfactorangleAsingle-phasesourcedelivers100kWtoaloadoperatingatapowerfactorof0.8lagging.物理意义：Thephysicalsignificanceof⋯⋯与⋯同相位：⋯beinphasewith⋯Example：Forapurelyresistiveload,thecurrentintotheloadisinphasewiththeloadvoltage.如式（2.1）所示：Asindicatedby(2.1),⋯⋯落后(超前)⋯多少相位：Thecurrentlags（leads）thevoltageby90.正弦稳态：sinusoidal-steady-state让a＝b，得到：Lettinga=bgives按照惯例（通常）：Byconvention,thepowerfactorcos(a-b)ispositive.时间区间：atimeintervalT.Example:ThetotalenergyabsorbedbyaloadduringatimeintervalT.额定值：rating.例：额定功率－powerrating；发电机额定功率－powerratingofelectricgenerator；额定电压：voltagerating.基尔霍夫电流（电压）方程：Kirchhoff’scurrent(voltage)law。（P.48）节点方程：nodalequations导纳矩阵：admittancematrix有N个节点电压构成的列相量：columnvectorofNbusvoltages对角元素：diagonalelements非对角元：off-diagonalelements自导纳：self-admittance;driving-pointadmittance互导纳：mutualadmittance;transferadmittance美国8.14大停电：TheUSblackouton14August,2003⋯对⋯将产生深远影响：TheblackoutwillhavehugetechnicalandorganizationalconsequencesfortheUSpowerindustry.当地仅存的无功电源无法维持电压：Theexistinglocalreactivepowersourceswerenotabletosupportthevoltages.切除线路：trip(tripped)thelines.Theisolatedpartsufferedfromlowvoltageandaseveredeficitofgeneration.电力系统稳定是指⋯：Powersystemstabilityreferstotheabilityofsynchronousmachinestomovefromonesteady-stateoperatingpointfollowingadisturbancetoanothersteady-stateoperatingpoint,withoutlosingsynchronism.额定值：nominalvalues故障类型：lossofgeneration,line-switchingoperations,faults,suddenloadchangesEMS=EnergyManagementSystem能量管理系统DMS=DistributionManagementSystem配电网络管理系统SCADA=SupervisoryControlAndDataAcquisition监管控制与数据采集（调度自动化系统）AGC=AutomaticGenerationControl自动发电控制LFC=LoadFrequencyControl负荷频率控制EDC=EconomicloadDispatchingControl经济调度负荷控制RTU=RemoteTerminalUnit远程终端单元（远动分站）MMI=MenMachineInterface人机交互界面（在屏幕上进行监视与操作、控制）CRT=CathodeRayType阴极射线显示（显像管监视器）LC=LoadControl负荷控制AM/FM=AutomatedMappingandFacilitiesManagement自动绘图与管理DSM=DemandSideManagement需求端管理TOU=TimeOfUse使用时间（次数）GEM=GenerationEfficiencyManagement发电功效管理MIS=ManagementInformationSystem信息管理系统OS=OperationSystem操作系统DTS=DispatcherTrainingSimulator调度员培训系统EMP=EnergyManagementPlatform能量管理平台FAT=FactoryAcceptanceTest工厂验收试验SAT=onSiteAcceptanceTest现场验收试验RTGEN=RealTimeGene...