★Haliday—childlanguage.Macrofunctions:ideational,interpersonal,textual.★whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachstudy?Phoneticsthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it'sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It'sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntaxit'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics---It'ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.Chapter2Phonology★threebranchesofphonetics:①Articulatory—describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.②Auditory-—studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,reachestheimportantconclusionthatphoneticidentityisonlyatheoreticalideal.③Acoustic-—studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,thewaysoundtravelfromthespeakertothehearer.★OrgansofSpeech:Pharyngealcavity-咽月腔Oralcavity-口月腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasalcavity-鼻腔★Broadtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.(leaf/l/)★Narrowtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.(dark/l/~)★PhoneticsandPhonology区别:areconcernedwiththesameaspectofIanguage-thespeechsounds.①Phonetics:itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;phoneticfeaturestheypossess;howtheycanbeclassified,etc.②Phonology:itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.★rulesinPhonology:①Sequentialrules:RulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularIanguage.②Assimilationrules:Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby'copying'afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.③Deletionrule:It'saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.★Suprasegmental超切分特征:Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.(intonation:whenpitch,stressandsoundlentharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.//tone:Tonearepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Toneisasuprasegmentalfeature.)Chapter3Morphology★openclasswords:newwordscanbeaddedtotheseclassesregularly.Suchasnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs.SuchasBeatnik.Closedclasswords:conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsconsistofthegrammaticalorfunctionalwords.Thenumberofsuchwordsissmallandstablesincefewnewwordsareadded.Chapter4Syntax★determineaword'scategory:①meaning.Wordcategoriesoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning.Themeaningassociatedwithnounsandverbscanbeelaboratedinvariousways.Thepropertyorattributeoftheentitiesdenotedbynounscanbeelaboratedbyadjectives.(prettylady,attributetheproperty“pretty”tothelady.)②inflection.Wordsofdifferentcategoriestakedifferentinflect...
