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计算机专业英语（ComputerEnglish）Chapter8TheInternet:TechnologyBackgroundRequirements:了解Internet的起源掌握Internet的关键技术概念描述Internet协议与应用程序的作用解释当前Internet的结构理解当前Internet的局限描述InternetII的潜在作用掌握英语长句的翻译技巧8.1TheInternet:TechnologyBackgroundWhatistheInternet?Wherediditcomefrom,andhowdiditsupportthegrowthoftheWorldWideWeb?WhataretheInternet’smostimportantoperatingprinciples?TheInternetisaninterconnectednetworkofthousandsofnetworksandmillionsofcomputers(sometimescalledhostcomputersorjusthosts)linkingbusinesses,educationalinstitutions,governmentagencies,andindividualstogether.TheInternetprovidesaround400millionpeoplearoundtheworld(andover170millionpeopleintheUnitedStates)withservicessuchase-mail,newsgroups,shopping,research,instantmessaging,music,videos,andnews.NooneorganizationcontrolstheInternetorhowitfunctions,norisitownedbyanybody,yetithasprovidedtheinfrastructureforatransformationincommerce,scientificresearch,andculture.因特网是什么?它来自何处，和它如何支持万维网的增长?因特网最重要的运行原则是什么?因特网是成千上万的网络和数以百万计的计算机(有时被称为主机计算机或主机)将企业、教育机构、政府机关和个人联结起来的一个互联网络。因特网为全球大约4亿人(其中美国1.7亿多人)提供诸如电子邮件、新闻讨论组、购物、研究、即时信息、音乐、视频和新闻等服务。没有任何组织控制因特网或它的运作,它也不被任何人所拥有,尽管它为商业交易、科学研究和文化提供基础设施。ThewordInternetisderivedfromthewordinternetworkortheconnectingtogetheroftwoormorecomputernetworks.TheWorldWideWeb,orWebforshort,isoneoftheInternet’smostpopularservices,providingaccesstooveronebillionWebpages,whicharedocumentscreatedinaprogramminglanguagecalledHTMLandwhichcancontaintext,graphics,audio,video,andotherobjects,aswellas“hyperlinks”thatpermitausertojumpeasilyfromonepagetoanother.因特网(Internet)一词起源于互联网络(internetwork)或两个或更多的计算机网络联接在一起。全球信息网,或简称万维网,是因特网上最流行的服务之一,提供对10亿多网页的访问，这些网页是由一种叫做HTML(超文本链接标示语言)编程语言生成的文件，它可以包含本文、图形、声频、视频和其他对象、以及允许用户容易地跳跃到其他网页的“超链接”。8.1.1THEEVOLUTIONOFTHEINTERNET1961–2000InternetI—today’sInternet—hasevolvedoverthelastfortyyears.Inthissense,theInternetisnot“new”;itdidnothappenyesterday.Althoughjournalistsandpunditstalkgliblyabout“Internet”time—suggestingafast-paced,nearlyinstant,worldwideglobalchangemechanism,infact,ithastakenfortyyearsofhardworktoarriveattoday’sInternet.因特网I——今天的因特网——已经发展了四十多年。在这个意义上，因特网不是“新的”,它不是昨天才发生的事。虽然新闻记者和博学家口若悬河地谈论“因特网”时代——指一种快步调的、几乎即时的、全球性的变化机制，事实上，因特网达到今天的水平花费了四十年的艰苦努力。ThehistoryoftheInternetcanbesegmentedintothreephases.Inthefirstphase,theInnovationPhase,from1961to1974,thefundamentalbuildingblocksoftheInternetwereconceptualizedandthenrealizedinactualhardwareandsoftware.Thebasicbuildingblocksare:packet-switchinghardware,client/servercomputing,andacommunicationsprotocolcalledTCP/IP(alldescribedmorefullybelow).TheoriginalpurposeoftheInternet,whenitwasconceivedinthelate1960s,wastolinktogetherlargemainframecomputersoncollegecampuses.Thiskindofone-to-onecommunicationbetweencampuseswaspreviouslyonlypossiblethroughthetelephonesystemorpostalmail.因特网的历史可以划分为三个阶段。...