2020ASHRAEHANDBOOKHeating,Ventilating,andAir-ConditioningSYSTEMSANDEQUIPMENTASHRAE,1791TullieCircle,N.E.,Atlanta,GA30329www.ashrae.orgSIEditionLicensedforsingleuser.©2020ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osama@ashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.©2020ASHRAE.Allrightsreserved.DEDICATEDTOTHEADVANCEMENTOFTHEPROFESSIONANDITSALLIEDINDUSTRIESNopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedwithoutpermissioninwritingfromASHRAE,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquotebriefpassagesorreproduceillustrationsinareviewwithappropriatecredit;normayanypartofthisbookbereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanywayorbyanymeans—electronic,photocopying,recording,orother—withoutpermissioninwritingfromASHRAE.Requestsforpermis-sionshouldbesubmittedatwww.ashrae.org/permissions.VolunteermembersofASHRAETechnicalCommitteesandotherscompiledtheinfor-mationinthishandbook,anditisgenerallyreviewedandupdatedeveryfouryears.Com-ments,criticisms,andsuggestionsregardingthesubjectmatterareinvited.AnyerrorsoromissionsinthedatashouldbebroughttotheattentionoftheEditor.Additionsandcorrec-tionstoHandbookvolumesinprintwillbepublishedintheHandbookpublishedtheyearfollowingtheirverificationand,assoonasverified,ontheASHRAEInternetwebsite.DISCLAIMERASHRAEhascompiledthispublicationwithcare,butASHRAEhasnotinvestigated,andASHRAEexpresslydisclaimsanydutytoinvestigate,anyproduct,service,process,procedure,design,orthelikethatmaybedescribedherein.Theappearanceofanytechnicaldataoreditorialmaterialinthispublicationdoesnotconstituteendorsement,warranty,orguarantybyASHRAEofanyproduct,service,process,procedure,design,orthelike.ASHRAEdoesnotwarrantthattheinformationinthispublicationisfreeoferrors.Theentireriskoftheuseofanyinformationinthispublicationisassumedbytheuser.ISBN978-1-947192-53-9ISSN1930-7705Thepaperforthisbookisbothacid-andelemental-chlorine-freeandwasmanufacturedwithpulpobtainedfromsourcesusingsustainableforestrypractices.Licensedforsingleuser.©2020ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osama@ashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAETechnicalCommittees,TaskGroups,andTechnicalResourceGroupsASHRAEResearch:ImprovingtheQualityofLifePrefaceAIR-CONDITIONINGANDHEATINGSYSTEMSChapter1.HVACSystemAnalysisandSelection(TC9.1,LargeBuildingAir-ConditioningSystems)2.DecentralizedCoolingandHeating(TC9.1)3.CentralCoolingandHeatingPlants(TC9.1)4.AirHandlingandDistribution(TC9.1)5.In-RoomTerminalSystems(TC9.1)6.RadiantHeatingandCooling(TC6.5,RadiantHeatingandCooling)7.CombinedHeatandPowerSystems(TC1.10,CogenerationSystems)8.CombustionTurbineInletCooling(TC1.10)9.AppliedHeatPumpandHeatRecoverySystems(TC6.8,GeothermalHeatPumpandEnergyRecoveryApplications)10.SmallForced-AirHeatingandCoolingSystems(TC6.3,CentralForcedAirHeatingandCoolingSystems)11.SteamSystems(TC6.1,HydronicandSteamEquipmentandSystems)12.DistrictHeatingandCooling(TC6.2,DistrictEnergy)13.HydronicHeatingandCooling(TC6.1)14.CondenserWaterSystems(TC6.1)15.Medium-andHigh-TemperatureWaterHeating(TC6.1)16.InfraredRadiantHeating(TC6.5)17.UltravioletLampSystems(TC2.9,UltravioletAirandSurfaceTreatment)18.VariableRefrigerantFlow[TC8.7,VariableRefrigerantFlow(VRF)]AIR-HANDLINGEQUIPMENTANDCOMPONENTSChapter19.DuctConstruction(TC5.2,DuctDesign)20.RoomAirDistributionEquipment(TC5.3,RoomAirDistribution)21.Fans(TC5.1,Fans)22.Humidifiers(TC5.11,HumidifyingEquipment)2...