2022ASHRAEHANDBOOKREFRIGERATIONASHRAE,180TechnologyParkwayNW,PeachtreeCorners,GA30092www.ashrae.orgSIEdition©2022ASHRAE.Allrightsreserved.DEDICATEDTOTHEADVANCEMENTOFTHEPROFESSIONANDITSALLIEDINDUSTRIESNopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedwithoutpermissioninwritingfromASHRAE,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquotebriefpassagesorreproduceillustrationsinareviewwithappropriatecredit;normayanypartofthisbookbereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanywayorbyanymeans—electronic,photocopying,recording,orother—withoutpermissioninwritingfromASHRAE.Requestsforpermis-sionshouldbesubmittedatwww.ashrae.org/permissions.VolunteermembersofASHRAETechnicalCommitteesandotherscompiledtheinfor-mationinthishandbook,anditisgenerallyreviewedandupdatedeveryfouryears.Com-ments,criticisms,andsuggestionsregardingthesubjectmatterareinvited.AnyerrorsoromissionsinthedatashouldbebroughttotheattentionoftheEditor.Additionsandcorrec-tionstoHandbookvolumesinprintwillbepublishedintheHandbookpublishedtheyearfollowingtheirverificationand,assoonasverified,ontheASHRAEInternetwebsite.DISCLAIMERASHRAEhascompiledthispublicationwithcare,butASHRAEhasnotinvestigated,andASHRAEexpresslydisclaimsanydutytoinvestigate,anyproduct,service,process,procedure,design,orthelikethatmaybedescribedherein.Theappearanceofanytechnicaldataoreditorialmaterialinthispublicationdoesnotconstituteendorsement,warranty,orguarantybyASHRAEofanyproduct,service,process,procedure,design,orthelike.ASHRAEdoesnotwarrantthattheinformationinthispublicationisfreeoferrors.Theentireriskoftheuseofanyinformationinthispublicationisassumedbytheuser.ISBN978-1-955516-08-2ISSN1930-7195Thepaperforthisbookisbothacid-andelemental-chlorine-freeandwasmanufacturedwithpulpobtainedfromsourcesusingsustainableforestrypractices.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAETechnicalCommittees,TaskGroups,andTechnicalResourceGroupsASHRAEResearch:ImprovingtheQualityofLifePrefaceSYSTEMSANDPRACTICESChapter1.HalocarbonRefrigerationSystems(TC10.1,CustomEngineeredRefrigerationSystems)2.AmmoniaRefrigerationSystems(TC10.1)3.CarbonDioxideRefrigerationSystems(TC10.1)4.LiquidOverfeedSystems(TC10.1)5.ComponentBalancinginRefrigerationSystems(TC10.1)6.RefrigerantSystemChemistry(TC3.2,RefrigerantSystemChemistry)7.ControlofMoistureandOtherContaminantsinRefrigerantSystems(TC3.3,RefrigerantContaminantControl)8.EquipmentandSystemDehydrating,Charging,andTesting(TC8.1,PositiveDisplacementCompressors)9.RefrigerantContainment,Recovery,Recycling,andReclamation(TC3.8,RefrigerantContainment)COMPONENTSANDEQUIPMENTChapter10.InsulationSystemsforRefrigerantPiping(TC10.1)11.RefrigerantControlDevices(TC8.8,RefrigerantSystemControlsandAccessories)12.LubricantsinRefrigerantSystems(TC3.4,Lubrication)13.SecondaryCoolantsinRefrigerationSystems(TC10.1)14.Forced-CirculationAirCoolers(TC8.4,Air-to-RefrigerantHeatTransferEquipment)15.RetailFoodStoreRefrigerationandEquipment(TC10.7,CommercialFoodandBeverageRefrigerationEquipment)16.FoodServiceandGeneralCommercialRefrigerationEquipment(TC10.7)17.HouseholdRefrigeratorsandFreezers(TC8.9,ResidentialRefrigeratorsandFoodFreezers)18.AbsorptionEquipment(TC8.3,AbsorptionandHeatOperatedMachines)FOODCOOLINGANDSTORAGEChapter19.ThermalPropertiesofFoods(TC10.5,RefrigeratedProcessingandStorage)20.CoolingandFreezingTimesofFoods(TC10.5)21.CommodityStorageRequirements(TC10.5)22.FoodMicrobiologyandR...