四川省成都市2016高考英语阅读理解二轮基础训练80集连载（25）2016高考英语阅读理解集训。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。Tworecentstudieshavefoundthatpunishmentisnotthebestwaytoinfluencebehavior.Oneshowedthatadultsaremuchmorecooperativeiftheyworkinasystembasedonrewards.ResearchersatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStatesandtheStockholmSchoolofEconomicsinSwedendidthestudy.TheyhadabouttwohundredcollegestudentsplayaversionofthegameknownasthePrisoner’sDilemma.Thegameisbasedonthetension(紧张气氛)betweentheinterests(利益)ofanindividualandagroup.Thestudentsplayedingroupsoffour.Eachplayercouldwinpointsforthegroup,sotheywouldallgainequally.Buteachplayercouldalsorewardorpunisheachoftheotherthreeplayers,atacosttothepunisher.HarvardresearcherDavidRandsaysthemostsuccessfulbehaviorprovedtobecooperation.Thegroupsthatrewardeditthemostearnedabouttwiceasmuchinthegameasthegroupsthatrewardedittheleast.Andthemoreagrouppunisheditself,theloweritsearningswere.Thegroupwiththemostpunishmentearnedtwenty-fivepercentlessthanthegroupwiththeleastpunishment.ThestudyappearedlastmonthinthejournalScience.Theotherstudyinvolvedchildren.ItwaspresentedlastmonthinCaliforniaataconferenceonviolenceandabuse.Researchersusedintelligencetestsgiventotwogroups.Morethaneighthundredchildrenagedtwotofourthefirsttimetheyweretested.Morethansevenhundredchildrenagedfivetonine.Thetwogroupswereretestedfouryearslater,andthestudycomparedtheresultswiththefirsttest.Bothgroupscontainedchildrenwhoseparentsusedphysicalpunishmentandchildrenwhoseparentsdidnot.ThestudysaystheIQs--orintelligencequotients--oftheyoungerchildrenwhowerenotspankedwerefivepointshigherthanthosewhowere.Intheoldergroup,thedifferencewasalmostthreepoints.MurrayStraussfromtheUniversityofNewHampshireworkedwithMalliePaschallfromthePacificInstituteforResearchandEvaluation.ProfessorStrausshaswrittenextensivelyaboutphysicalpunishmentofchildren.Hesaysthemoretheyarespanked,theslowertheirmentaldevelopment.HealsolookedataverageIQsinothernationsandfoundthemlowerwherespankingwasmorecommon.1．Whichcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.PunishmentB.TheBestWaytoInfluenceBehavior.C.PunishmentorReward:WhichWorksBetteronBehavior?D.TwoRecentStudies.2．Theunderlinedword“spanked”probablymeans______.A.wonB.punishedC.testedD.praised3．Accordingtothepassage,theresearchersmayagreethebestwaytoinfluencebehavioris______.A.rewardinggoodbehaviorB.correctingbadbehaviorC.punishingbadly-behavedchildrenD.praisingwell-behavedchildren试题分析：文章主要介绍了两项研究的过程和研究成果。近期的两项研究显示，惩罚不是影响行为的最好方法。其中一项研究显示，成年人在一个基于奖励的机制中更具合作性。另一项研究表明，惩罚不利于孩子心智的发展。1．选择最佳标题。A项太片面；文章没有提到最好的方法，排除B；D项不够具体；根据第二段“Oneshowedthatadultsaremuchmorecooperativeiftheyworkinasystembasedonrewards.”和第六段“oftheyoungerchildrenwhowerenotspankedwerefivepointshigherthanthosewhowere”可知，研究表明，奖励能够促进合作，惩罚不利于孩子的心智发展，故选C。2．猜测词义题。根据带第六段“whowerenotspankedwerefivepointshigherthanthosewhowere”可知，被父母体罚的孩子，他们的智商比没有受到体罚的孩子的低5分，根据最后一段“Hesaysthemoretheyarespanked,theslowertheirmentaldevelopment.”可知，孩子受到的惩罚越多，他们的心智发展得越慢，说明划线词是“惩罚”的意思，故选B。3．推理判断题。B、D两项文中未提及；根据倒数...
