Landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoinfluencethecitybeautificationandplanningmovementwellintothe20thcentury,asgrowingcitiesusedtheservicesofprofessionally-trainedlandscapearchitects.TheL'EnfantPlanforthenation'scapitolwasrevivedandexpandedbytheMcMillancommissionof1901.Chicago,Clevelandandothercitiesalsousedlandscapearchitectstolayoutcomprehensivedevelopmentplans.•由于城市发展需要受到过专业训练的风景园林师参与，风景园林对城市美化和规划运动的影响一直持续到20世纪。1901年，国家首都的郎方规划由麦克米伦委员会进行再次规划和扩大，芝加哥、克里夫兰和其他城市都请风景园林师对城市进行综合布局和开发规划。Bythe1920's,urbanplanningseparatedfromarchitectureandlandscapearchitectureasaseparateprofessionwithitsowndegreeprogramsandorganizations.Yet,landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoremainamajorforceinurbanplanningandurbandesign.DuringandaftertheDepression,opportunitiestodesignnationalandstateparks,towns,parkwaysandnewurbanparksystemsbroadenedtheprofession.TheorientationofAmericanlandscapearchitecturereturnedtoitsrootsinpublicprojects——atrendwhichhascontinuedthroughoutthemid-20thcenturytotoday.•到20世纪20年代，城市规划从建筑和风景园林分离成为一个独立的职业，并拥有自己的学位课程和组织机构。•然而，风景园林师在城市规划和城市设计中仍然保持着主导力量。•在经济大萧条期间和之后，国家和州公园、城镇、公园道和新的城市公园系统规划设计的机会使风景园林职业得到壮大。•美国风景园林的定位重新回到它的起源公共项目——一个贯穿20世纪中期至今的趋势中来。TheProfessioninPractice•实践中的职业Landscapearchitectureinthe1990scannotbedescribedinafewsimpleterms.Thescopeoftheprofessionistoobroadandtheprojectstoovaried.Avarietyofofteninterwovenspecializationsexistwithintheprofession,includingthefollowing:LandscapeDesign,thehistoricalcoreoftheprofession,isconcernedwithdetailedoutdoorspacedesignforresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andpublicspaces.Itinvolvesthetreatmentofasiteasart,thebalanceofhardandsoftsurfacesinoutdoorandindoorspaces,theselectionofconstructionandplantmaterials,infrastructuresuchasirrigation,andthepreparationofdetailedconstructionplansanddocuments.SitePlanningfocusesonthephysicaldesignandarrangementofbuiltandnaturalelementsofalandparcel.Asiteplanningprojectcaninvolvedesigningthelandforasinglehouse,anofficeparkorshoppingcenter,oranentireresidentialcommunity.Morespecifically,sitedesigninvolvestheorderly,efficient,aestheticandecologicallysensitiveintegrationofman-madeobjectswithasite'snaturalfeaturesincludingtopography,vegetation,drainage,water,wildlifeandclimate.Sensitivedesignproducesdevelopmentthatminimizesbothenvironmentalimpactsandprojectcosts,andaddsvaluetoasite.Urban/TownPlanningdealswithdesigningandplanningcitiesandtowns.Urbanplannersusezoningtechniquesandregulations,masterplans,conceptualplans,land-usestudiesandothermethodstosetthelayoutandorganizationofurbanareas.Thisfieldalsoinvolves"urbandesign"_thedevelopmentofmostlyopen,publicspaces,suchasplazasandstreetscapes.RegionalLandscapePlanninghasemergedasamajorareaofpracticeformanylandscapearchitectswiththeriseofthepublic'senvironmentalawarenessinthepastthirtyyears.Itmergeslandscapearchitecturewithenvironmentalplanning.Inthisfield,landscapearchitectsdealwiththefullspectrumofplanningandmanaginglandandwater,includingnaturalresourcesurveys,preparationofenvironmentalimpactstatements,visualanalysis,landscapereclamationandcoastalzonemanagement.P...
