跨文化管理考试重点

跨文化管理Chapter 1.一、 文化的概念：文化是已经获取的知识，利用这种知识，人类可以解释各种经验和产生的社会行为。这些知识构成了人们的价值观决定了人们的态度，影响了人们的各种行为。Culture defined: Acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior. This knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior.二、 文化的特征1.文化是学习形成的，而不是通过遗传而天生具有的，是后天习惯、学而知之的。2.文化是可以分享的，是一个群体可共享的东西。3.文化是代代相传的，文化是群体在适应内外环境的过程中所形成的一种生活方式，具有很强的历史继承性。4.文化具有象征性，是一种架构，包括各种内隐或外显的行为模式，通过符号系统习得或传递，人与人之间通过传递象征符和意义来相互作用相互影响。5.文化是模式化的，有结构的，它可以分为各个方面，其中最为中演的，是价值和观念和行为模式。6.文化是适应性的，是动态的，可变的，虽然这一变化过程比较缓慢、甚至不可见。Characteristics of Culture:1.Learned. Culture is not inherited or biologically based ;it is acquired by learning and experience.2.Shared. People as members of a group , organization or society share culture; it is not specific to single individuals.3.Transgenerational. Culture is cumulative, passed down from one generation to the next..4.Symbolic. Culture is based on the human capacity to symbolize or use one thing to represent another5.Patterned. Culture has structure and is integrated; a change in one part will bring changes in another.6.Adaptive. Culture is based on the human capacity to change or adapt, as opposed to the more genetically driven adaptive process of animals.三、文化的模型1.霍夫斯坦模型 ：<1>.权力距离是民族文化的第一个维度Power distance: Less powerful members accept that power is distributed unequally.权力距离： <组织或机构中 >权力较少的成员接受权力不平等分配的程度High power distance countries: people blinded...