合作原则共包含四大准则， 其下又分为若干小则， 格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony ）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole ）和缓叙（meiosis ）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1) 所 说 之 话 应 包 含 交 谈 目 的 所 需 要 的 信 息 。 Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2) 所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. For example, 1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in. Max: What? I am going to meet your kid? Earl: Well, one of them. Max:“One of them? ” How many do you have?Earl: So far?Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I ’m thinking of. (From Bankruptcy Sisters )Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far? ” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere. 2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father? Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk. (From Bankruptcy Sisters )Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” bu...
