四级语法一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表:1.主动形式2.被动形式CET-4常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时ﻩ所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时ﻩ现在完成和将来完成一.非谓语动词一.不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:一般形式:Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.被动形式:Hepreferredtobeassignedsomeheavierworktodo.语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生完成形式:Hepretendednottohaveseenme.被动形式:Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点:1)不定式做定语----将要发生2)不定式做状语----目的3)不定式充当名词功能---Toseeistobelieve.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel1/17+do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing表示动作的连续性,进行性Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)2)使役动词havebidmakelet等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI‘dliketohaveJohndoit.Ihavemypackageweighed.Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearn.3)helphelpsbdohelpsbtodohelpdohelptodo四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expectallowsbtodo,causesbtodo,permitsbtodo,enablesbtodoforcesbtodo.bemorelikelytodolovetodowarnsbtodobeabletodobeambitioustodo.begintodo.starttodo五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom(oneself)to;beaccustomedto;faceupto;inadditionto;lookforwardto;objectto;bereducedto;resignoneselfto;beresignedto;resortto;sinkto;beusedto;bealternativeto;beclose/closenessto;bededication/dedicatedto;beopposition/opposedto;besimilarity/similarto.三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。Heneeds(alotof)encouraging.2/17二.动名词:具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词seeingisbelieving2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starvingtroopsisnecessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式:Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式:Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被动形式:Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.二)动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.youcallingD.you'recalling(Key:Cyourcalling也对)Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法:it'snogood;it'sno/little/hardlyany/use;it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it'sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there'sno;there'snopointin;th...