宏观经济学概论(英文版期中复习资料)

（注：这个资料是对 PPT 的精简，主要是考虑到不方便用电脑的同学。从第三章开始的主要是考虑到一二章的东西很好懂，而且估计大部分同学都看过；第八章的内容主要节选了预算的过程应该了解下就可以了，整个第八章应该都不是很重要；第九章的话，PPT 里面的东西跟书上差距较大，主要选择了关于钱的那部分，书上的 166 页和 177 的东西于第九章应该更加重要些） Chapter 3 GDP:Gross Domestic Product GDP is a measure of the total production of an economy. 国内生产总值是一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值。常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。 1.goods and services:value(concrete,abstract) an exact number 2.final final goods and services:goods and services produced for final use.最终产品（制成品和劳务总量）intermediate goods:goods that are produced by one firm for use in futher processing by another firm.半成品，中间产品 value added:the difference between the value of goods as they leave a stage of production and the cost of the goods as they entered that stage. 附加价值 within a given period of time 3.GDP is concerned only with new, or current production. Old output is not counted in current GDP because it was already counted back at the time it was produced. Eg(not counted in GDP):① a house that is resold ② the selling of stocks and bonds Treasury bonds, notes and bills:promissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money. 公债 corporate bonds:promissory notes issued by corporations when they borrow money.公司债券 shares of stock:financial instruments that give to the holder a share in the firm’s ownership and therefore the right to share in the firm’s profit. 4.domestic:within a country GDP is the value of output produced by factors of production located within a country.The output made by citizens abroad should not be counted in the homel...