批判与实践——新法兰克福学派对美国有用主义的兴趣 关键词：新法兰克福学派、美国有用主义、批判、实践、交往行动、合理论辩、公共讨论、政治文化、哈贝马斯 提要：由于对理论与实践关系作了新的理解，以尤根·哈贝马斯为主要代表的新法兰克福学派对美国有用主义哲学传统作了相当积极的评价，从而与以霍克海默尔为代表的批判理论第一代人物对后者的态度形成鲜亮对比。在哈贝马斯那里，“批判”在法律规范内容和论证方式两个方面与以下四个层次上的“实践”密切联系：交往行动、合理论辩、公共讨论、政治文化。在这些从抽象到具体的层次上，哈贝马斯都对从皮尔士经过杜威一直到普特南和罗蒂的美国有用主义哲学家所提供的思想材料作了批判性借鉴。 Key words: New Frankfurt School, American pragmatism, critique, practice, communicative action, rational argumentation, public discussion, political culture, Habermas Abstract: As a result of a new understanding of the relation between theory and practice, the "New Frankfurt School", with Juergen Habermas as its major representative, highly valuates the philosophical tradition of American pragmatism, which is in sharp contrast to the first generation Critical Theorists represented by Horkheimer. In Habermas, the idea of "critique" is, both substantially and methodologically, closely connected with the idea of "praxis" in the following senses: communicative action, rational argumentation, public discussion and political culture. At all these levels, from the more abstract to the more concrete, Habermas critically appropriated important resources found in American pragmatists from Peirce through Dewey to Putnam and Rorty. 当代最重要的美国哲学家之一希拉里·普特南在一次访谈中说：“事实上，将我所谓的新法兰克福学派同威廉·詹姆斯和查理·皮尔斯的美国有用主义进行比较，是很有意思的。”1 普特南这里所说的“新法兰克福学派”，主要是指法兰克福学派的批判理论传统的第二代人物哈贝马斯(Juergen Habermas)，以及比哈贝马斯年长七岁、虽然在政治上不那么激进、但哲学倾向与...
