Section Ⅳ Grammar & Writing过去完成时一、过去完成时过去完成时由“had＋动词的过去分词”构成，主要有以下几种用法：1．表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间常用 by，before等介词构成的短语或一个时间状语从句表示，也可以暗含在上下文中。Silk had become one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。We had reached the railway station before 5 o’clock.我们在五点钟以前已经到达了火车站。When I woke up it had already stopped raining.我醒来的时候雨已经停了。2．表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或持续的状态持续到过去某个时间或还要持续下去，常与 for，since 等构成的时间状语连用。He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来到这里，他已经取得了很大进步。By the time I left school，he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。3．在一段情景连贯的文字中，先发生的事放在后面叙述时，要用过去完成时。Tom hurried home，but his father had already left for London.汤姆急匆匆赶回家，但是他爸爸已经动身去伦敦了。4．intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think 等动词的过去完成时后接不定式的一般式，表示本来打算做而实际上未做的事。I had intended to attend your party last night ，but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天晚上我本来打算去参加你的宴会，但是来了个不速之客。We had hoped to see you off at the airport，but our car broke down halfway.我们原打算到机场给你送行，但是我们的车中途出故障了。5．hardly/scarcely/barely...when...；no sooner...than...；This/It was the 1first (second，third...) time＋that 从句等固定句型中常使用过去完成时。She had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.她刚睡下铃就响了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。It was the first time that he had been presented with Britain’s top award for fiction.那是他第一次被授予英国小说界的最...
