战略和企业家(1)VIP免费

STRATEGYANDENTREPRENEURSHIP:OUTLINESOFANUNTOLDSTORYSarasD.SarasvathyUniversityofWashingtonS.VenkataramanUniversityofVirginiaInvitedbookchapterintheStrategicManagementHandbookeditedbyHittet.al.(RevisedDecember10,2000)第2页共34页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共34页Inhisbook“Invention,”ProfessorNorbertWiener(1993),commentingontherelativeimportanceaccordedtoindividualsandinstitutionsinhistoricalnarrativesofscienceandinventions,asksustoimagineShakespeare’s“RomeoandJuliet”withouteitherRomeoorthebalcony.1Thestoryisjustnotthesame.Helikensmuchofthestudyoftheeconomichistoryofscienceandaccountsofinventionsas“allbalconyandnoRomeo.”ThebalconyforNorbertWienercapturesthecontextinwhichthestoryunfolds–theculture,theinstitutions,theconstraintsandthecatalyststhatmovetheplotforwardandthickenit.Romeos,forWiener,playtheleadingpartsinthestory,becausethereisastrongfortuitouselementtoinventionsandthereisnoinevitabilitythatapossiblediscoverywillbemadeatagiventimeandspace.Takeawayeitherone,Romeoorthebalcony,andthewholestoryfallsapart.Inasimilarvein,wewouldlikenstudiesofstrategicmanagementto“allbalconyandnoRomeo.”Butifweaccusestrategicmanagementofbeing“allbalconyandnoRomeo,”strategicmanagementscholarscouldlegitimatelyaccuseentrepreneurshipofbeing“allRomeoandnobalcony.”InthischapterwewishtosuggestapointofviewfromentrepreneurshipthatwillallowstrategicmanagementscholarstoaccommodatemoreRomeosintheirstories.Althoughthesetwofieldshavemuchtooffereachother(tradeinbalconiesandRomeos),theyhavedevelopedlargelyindependentofeachother.Wewishtosuggestthatentrepreneurshiphasaroletoplayinstrategicmanagementtheoryandthatstrategicmanagementtheoryenrichesourunderstandingoftheentrepreneurialprocess,althoughthislatteraspectwillnotbethefocusofthischapter.Oneusefulwayofthinkingaboutentrepreneurshipisthatitisconcernedwithunderstandinghow,intheabsenceofmarketsforfuturegoodsandservices,thesegoodsandservicesmanagetocomeintoexistence(Venkataraman,1997).Totheextentvalueisembodied1WeinertookhisinspirationfromtheworkoftheEnglishwriter,RudyardKipling.第3页共34页第2页共34页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第3页共34页inproductsandservices,entrepreneurshipisconcernedwithhowtheopportunitytocreate“value”insocietyisdiscoveredandacteduponbysomeindividuals.AsWienerhasnoted(Wiener,1993:7),atthebeginningstagesofanewidea,theeffectivenessoftheindividualisenormous:“Beforeanynewideacanariseintheoryandpractice,somepersonorpersonsmusthaveintroduceditintheirownminds…Theabsenceoforiginalmind,eventhoughitmightnothaveexcludedacertainelementofprogressinthedistantfuture,maywelldelayitforfiftyyearsoracentury.”Thefieldofstrategicmanagementcanbeusefullydescribedashavingtodowiththe“methods”usedtocreatethis“value”andtheensuingstruggletocaptureasignificantshareofthat“value”byindividualsandfirms.Thus,ifweunderstandentrepreneurshipandstrategicmanagementasthefieldsthattogetherseektodescribe,explain,predictandprescribehowvalueisdiscovered,created,captured,andperhapsdestroyed,thenthereisnotonlymuchthatwecanlearnfromeachother,buttogetherwerepresenttwosidesofthesamecoin:thecoinofvaluecreationandcapture.Onesideofthecoin,namelystrategicmanagement,hastodowiththeachievementofends–obtainingmarketshare,profit,andsustainedcompetitiveadvantage.Theothersideofthecoin,namelyentrepreneurs...