Coherence（连贯性）?连贯性是指句中的成分之间具有含乎逻辑的有机联系，全句所表述的思路清晰，使交际对方容易得到要领。?Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.?thetrainofthoughtsflowssmoothlyinalogicalsequenceinasentence,fromsentencetosentence,fromparagraphtoparagraphExample:Johnsawahandbaginafield.Hewalkedacrossthefieldandpickedupthehandbag.Hetookthehandbagtothepolicestationandhandeditinaslostproperty.Whenhehaddonethis,hewenthome.?这个语篇做到了紧凑连贯。这是因为四个句子表达的意义联系紧密：通过重复(handbag)延续主题发展，第四句this的照应对象是一个句组，做到回应总结。?通过代词指示做到语义连贯：第二、三、四句中的he与第一句的John发生了照应关系，第三句的it与第一、二句的handbag是词汇复现关系。?Asentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedandtheirrelationshipsunmistakablyclear.?Itisnotcoherentifithas?confusingshiftsinpersonandnumber,orinvoice,tense,andmood.?pronounswithambiguousreference,?faultyparallelconstructions,?danglingormisplacedmodifiers,?Pronounreference?句子中的代词应在数性和人称等方面保持一致，或者和它所对应的名词词组保持一致。1)代词与先行词在数上不一致是一个常见的错误。?Beingastudent,weallwishtolearntowritewell.?Onecanneverwriteeffectively,unlesstheywriteasmuchandasoftenastheycan.Nomatterwhatheislearning,childrenallseemtofollowwhatthealdutsdo.?2).Ambiguousreference歧义指代:asentencecontainsmorethanoneantecedenttowhichapronounmaygrammaticallyrefer.Faulty:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.?Revised:“I’mwrong,”shesaidtomysister.?Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister.?“You’rewrong,”shesaidtomysister.?Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong.Faulty:Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.Revised:Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butwasnotbadlyhurt.?Faulty:I’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedramawithmyfriend,becauseheisadramatistIlike.?Revised:I’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedramawithmyfriend,becausethespeakerisadramatistIlike.?3).Weakreference:theantecedentisimpliedorunspecified指代含糊,orthesamepronounstandsfordifferentimpliedantecedents.Inthiscase,youshouldclearlystatewhatisimplied.He’stheauthorofabest-sellingbookonsailing,althoughhe’sneversetfootonone.?IwishedIhadbroughtmyraincoat,forithadbecomecolderandIneededit.?Whentheweatherbecamecolder,IwishedIhadbroughtmyraincoat,forIneededit.?Whenhewentbythedogpound(栏),theyrushedtothefenceandbarkedathim.?Whenhewentbythedogpound,thedogsrushedtothefenceandbarkedathim.?注意：句中起修饰作用的名词不可以作代词所指代的先行词。?e.g.InJohnWhite’snovelTheWhites,hedescribesthelifeoftheimmigrantfamily.?InhisnovelTheWhites,JohnWhitedescribesthelifeoftheimmigrantfamily.Faulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.?平行结构：Parallelism一句话里往往出现两个或两个以上意思并列的成分，这些成分应该保持平衡。?Collectingstamps,playingchessandcatchingbutterfliesareWary’shobbies.?她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。?Parallelideashadbetterbeexpressedinparallelconstructions,whichgiveemphasis,clarityandcoherencetoasentence.不平行(non-parallelism)?Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandtoavoidsugarinyourdiet.?Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandavoidingsugarinyourdiet.?Sheispretty,tender,andmanagesthehouseholdthriftily.?Sheispretty,tender,andthrifty.?善于使用平行结构（parallelconstruction）?...
