直接引语与间接引语一、学习目标?1.掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法;?2.进一步熟练过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)。二、学习重点难点?1.直接引语(DirectSpeech)是指原封不动的引用原话,把它放在引号内,例如:?Mothertoldme,“Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkfirst,thenyoucangooutandplaywithyourfriends.”?Theysaid,“Wewanttohavearest.”?间接引语(ReportedSpeech,又叫IndirectSpeech)即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:?MothertoldmethatIshouldfinishmyhomeworkfirstandthenIcouldgooutandplaywithmyfriends.?Theysaidtheywantedtohavearest.?2.当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时,由于引述动词(said,told等)一般都是过去时形式,因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况:?1)现在时间推移到过去时间?所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变成过去进行时,现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如:?Shesaid,“Iamhungry.”?->Shesaid(that)shewashungry.?Hesaid,“Thefamilyarefightingamongthemselves.”?->Hesaid(that)thefamilywerefightingamongthemselves.?Tomsaid,“Ihavefoundwhat’swrongwiththecomputer.”?->Tomsaidhehadfoundwhatwaswrongwiththecomputer.?在下列场合,尽管陈述动词为过去时形式,间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变,即:?a)当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时:?Hesaid,“Theword‘laser’isanacronym(首字母缩略词).”?->Hesaidtheword‘laser’isanacronym.?b)当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时:?“I’mforty,”hesaid.?->Hesaidheisforty.?c)当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时:?Hesaid,“Itmustbeprettylate.Ireallymustgo.”?->Hesaiditmustbeprettylate,andhereallymustgo.?Hesaid,“Youmustn’tsmokeintheroom.”?->HesaidImustn’tsmokeintheroom.?2)过去时间推移到过去的过去?这里需要注意以下几点:?a)当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如:?Hesaid,“Ididn’tknowyou.”?->Hesaidhehadn’tknownme.?当“过去的过去”已经不言自明,或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现,或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时,一般过去时形式可以不变。例如:?Annsaid,“Shewasbornin1981.”?->Annsaidshewasbornin1981.?b)过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时,也可以不变。例如:?Robertsaid,“IwasjokingwithMary.”?->RobertsaidhehadbeenjokingwithMary.?RobertsaidhewasjokingwithMary.?c)过去完成时仍为过去完成时,不需改变。例如:?Hesaid,“Wehadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.”?->Hesaidtheyhadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.?d)时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如:?Johnsaid,“WhenIlivedinLondonIoftensawJane.”?->JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonhehadoftenseenJane.?JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonheoftensawJane.?3)将来时间推移到过去将来时间?最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如:?Hesaid,“We’respendingnextweekendathome.”?->Hesaidtheywerespendingthenextweekendathome.?Shesaid,“Themilkwillgooff(变质)ifyoudon’tdrinkittoday.”?->ShesaidthemilkwouldgooffifIdidn’tdrinkitthatday.?Theysaid,“We’regoingtoHawaiithissummervacation.”?->TheysaidtheyweregoingtoHawaiithatsummervacation.?但是,在引述时,如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间,那么,可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如:?Hesaid,“I’llbewaitingforyoutomorrow.”?->Hesaidhewillbewaitingformetomorrow.?4)人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化?由上面的例子可以看出,当直接引语变成间接引语时,除动词时态变化外,人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。?a)人称代词,除引...