中国的监狱制度（英）JailSystemThePrisonLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasadoptedandwentintoforceonDecember20,1994atthe11thmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheEighthNationalPeople’sCongress.RegulatoryAuthoritiesThePrisonLawprovidesthattheStateCounciljudicialadministration（MinistryofJustice）supervisesallprisonsacrossthecountry.TheMinistryofJusticehasaBureauofPrisonAdministrationthatsupervisesallprisonsinthecountry.Intheprovinces（municipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernmentandautonomousregions）,officesofjusticeareresponsibleformanagingprisonsintheirownjurisdictionthroughtheirprisonadministrationarms.PrisonsinChinaaredividedintotwocategories:Prisonsincarceratinginmateswhohavebeencondemnedbycourtstoafixed-termsentence,lifesentenceordeathpenaltywithtwoyearsreprieve.Maleandfemaleinmatesarewardedseparately,withfemalewardsmanagedbyfemalelawenforcementpersonnel.Prisonsmayalsobedividedintowardsforfelonsandcriminalsofmisdemeanor.Penitentiariesforjuveniledelinquents,criminalsofminoragewhohavebeencondemnedbycourtstoafixed-termsentence,lifesentenceordeathpenaltywithtwoyearsreprieve.Specialprotectionisextendedtojuveniledelinquents,withcustomizedproceduresinplacetocatertotheirneeds.PrisonSetupandStaffingThePrisonLawprovidesthattheStateCounciljudicialadministrationapprovestheestablishment,eliminationandrelocationofprisonsinlinewithhistorical,economicandnaturalfactors.Thisprovisionisdesignedtooptimizethedistributionofprisonsandensuretheunified,effectiveandaccurateexecutionofpenalties.Prisonsusuallyhaveonewardenandseveraldeputywardensandvariousadministrativedepartmentsandstaff.Inadditiontoadministrativeofficesandcommercialinstitutions,prisonsalsohavesanitaryandeducationfacilities.ThePrisonLawprovidesthatthemanagerialpersonnelofprisonsaremembersofthepoliceforcewhoenjoythesamelegalstatusaspublicsecurityandtrafficpolice.FinancialSystemofPrisonsThePrisonLawstatesthatthestateensuresfundingforprisonsinreforminginmates.Expensesrelatedtoprisonpolice,reformationofprisoners,dailylifeofinmates,maintenanceofprisonfacilitiesandotheritemsarebudgetedforinthecentralgovernment’splanning.Thestateprovidesproductionfacilitiesandfundingneededforprisonlabor.Land,mineralresourcesandothernaturalresourceslegallyemployedbyprisons,aswellasthepropertyofprisonsareprotectedbylaw;noentityorindividualcantrespassordamagethoseproperties.FundamentalPrinciplesArticle3ofthePrisonLawstatesthatprisonsshouldfollowtheprincipleofcombiningpenaltywithreform,educationwithlabor,inabidtoreformprisonersintolaw-abidingcitizens.1.TransformationThroughPunishmentPrisonspunishcriminalsbecause,withoutpunishment,itisdifficultforcriminalstocometogripswiththeircrimesandbegintheirlifeanew.Whilepunishmentfocusesonenforcement,reformfocusesontransformation.Punishmentisthemeans,whiletransformationistheend.Thepurposeofpunishmentistotransformcriminalsintolaw-abidingcitizens.Thisispreciselywhatcriminalpenaltiesarefor.Prisonsdonotpunishcriminalsforpunishment’ssake.2.CombiningEducationwithLaborToeffectivelyreformprisoners,itisalsonecessarytocombineeducationwithlabor.Educationcanbemultifaceted:ideological,cultural,vocationalandtechnical.ExecutionofPenaltiesLawenforcementauthoritiesimplementcriminalrulingsandjudgmentspassedbyjudicialauthoritiesthathavealreadytakeneffect,inaccordancewithlegalprocedures.Chineseprisonsexecutethefollowingtypesofpenalti...
