中国的审讯制度（英）（1）TheTrialSystemThetrialsystemreferstothecourtsystemgoverningtheestablishmentofcourts,judges,andtrials.OrganizationandResponsibilitiesofPeople’sCourtsAccordingtothecurrentConstitution,andtheLawontheOrganizationofPeople’sCourts,People’sCourtsrepresentthemaintrialorganofthestate.Organizationally,thiscourtsystemconsistsoflocalcourts,specialcourtsandtheSupremeCourt,withallthefirsttwosubjecttothesupervisionofthelatter.Localcourtsareestablishedinaccordancewiththeadministrativedivisions,whilespecialcourtsaresetupwherenecessary.1.Localcourtsaredividedintothreelevels:Grassroots,IntermediateandHigher.UndertheLawontheOrganizationofPeople’sCourts,grassroots-levelcourtsconsistoftribunalsincounties/autonomouscounties,citieswithoutadministrativedistricts,oradministrativedistrictsofcities.Theirresponsibilitiesare:Trycriminal,civilandadministrativecasesascourtsoffirsthearing,exceptwhereotherwiseprovidedforbylaw.Casesdeemedtobeofaseriousnaturethatshouldbehandledbysuperiorcourtscanbereferredtothosesuperiorcourts;Handlecivildisputesandmisdemeanorsthatdonotneedtrials;GuidetheworkofthePeople’sArbitrationCommittees.Tofacilitatelawsuits,grassrootscourtsmaysetuptribunals,whicharenottrialunits,buthavetheresponsibilitytoheargeneralcivilandmisdemeanors,guidetheworkofPeople’sArbitrationCommittees,publicizelawsandregulations,andhandlepetitions.TheirjudgmentsanddecisionsrepresentthejudgmentsanddecisionsofthegrassrootsPeople’sCourts.Intermediatecourtsarethosesetupinprefectures,citiesdirectlyunderprovinces（autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment）anddistrictsinthefourmunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment（hereinafterreferredtoasmunicipalities）.Theirresponsibilitiesinclude:Trythefollowingcategoriesofcases:a）First-hearingcasesundertheirjurisdiction,asprescribedbylaw.AccordingtotheLawonCriminalProcedures,thesecasesincludethoseinvolvingnationalsecurity;criminalcasesthatmayinvolvelifeimprisonmentorthedeathpenalty;criminalcasescommittedbyforeignersorcasesinvolvingChinesecitizensviolatingthelawfulrightsandinterestsofforeigners.AccordingtotheLawonCivilProcedures,civilcasesheardbyintermediatecourtsaremajorforeign-relatedcases;casesofmajorimplicationswithintheirjurisdictions;andcasesthatintermediatecourtsareorderedtohearbytheSupremeCourt.Inaddition,accordingtotheLawonAdministrativeProcedures,intermediatecourtsareauthorizedtohearthefollowingcases:verificationofpatentrights;customshandling;suitsagainstadministrativeactionstakenbyStateCouncildepartmentsorgovernmentsoftheprovinces（autonomousregions,municipalities）;otherimportantandcomplicatedcases;b）First-hearingcasestransferredbygrassrootscourts;c）Casesappealingorprotestingtheverdictsanddecisionsofgrassrootscourts.Forcriminal,civilandadministrativecasesthatintermediatecourtsdeemtobeofaseriousnature,theintermediatecourtmayrequestthatthecasesbetransferredtosuperiorcourts.Supervisetheperformanceofgrassrootscourtswithintheirjurisdiction.Theyhavethepowertoexamineorordergrassrootscourtstore-examineverdictsordecisionsissuedbythosecourtsthathavealreadytakeneffectbutthathavebeenfoundtocontainerrors.Accordingtothelawoncourtorganization,HigherCourtsaresetupinprovinces（autonomousregionsandmunicipalities）.Theirresponsibilitiesinclude:Trythefollowingcategoriesofcases:a）Criminal,civilandadministrativeca...
