中国的ۥ审判制度英2 VIP免费

中国的审讯制度（英）（2）3.SafeguardsforJudgesTheJudgeLawprovidesjudgeswiththefollowingsafeguards:Professionalsafeguards:Judgesshallbegrantedadequatepowersandworkingconditionsinordertoperformtheirduties;theyshallbefreefrominterferenceinexercisingtheirjudicialpowersfromanyadministrativeauthoritiesorindividual;theyshallnotberemoved,demoted,dismissedordisciplinedunlessforstatutoryreasonsandprocedures.Salarysafeguards:Judgesshallreceiveremunerationfortheirperformanceofdutiesandenjoyinsuranceandotherbenefits.Corporalsafeguard:Judgesshallreceivelegalprotectionfortheircorporal,propertyandresidentialsafety.Others:Judgesshallhavetherighttoresign,petitionoraccuse,orparticipateintraining.4.PromotionsJudgesaredividedinto12levels,withthepresidentoftheSupremePeople’sCourtbeingtheChiefJusticeandthosebetweenLevel2and12beinglabeledJustice,SeniorJudgeandJudge.Thelevelofseniorityisdeterminedbythejudge’sposition,performance,professionalismandseniority.Promotionsarebasedonannualperformancereviews,whichareconductedbythecourtswherethejudgesserve.Performancereviewsshallbeconductedinanobjective,impartialmannerandcombineevaluationsbybothsuperiorsandsubordinates.5.RewardsandPenaltiesJudgesarerewardedfortheiroutstandingperformanceandcontributions.Rewardscanbepublicrecognitionofperformance,ThirdReward,SecondReward,FirstRewardandtheconferringofanhonorarytitle.Judgesmustnotengageinanyofthefollowingacts:disseminateinformationharmfultothereputationofthestate;participateinillegalorganizations;participateinanti-governmentgatherings,demonstrationsandprotests;participateinstrikes;embezzleortakebribes;practicefavoritisminbreachoflaw;extortconfessionsbytorture;concealorforgeevidence;leakstatesecretsorconfidentialinformationrelatedtojudicialproceedings;abusepowertoviolatethelawfulrightsandinterestsofcitizens,legalpersonsorotherorganizations;neglectdutiesresultinginwrongrulingsorseriousdamagestothelitigant（s）;purposefullydelayproceedings;abusepowertoseekprofitforthemselvesorothers;engageinbusinessactivities;meetinprivatewithlitigantsandtheirrepresentativesandaccepttheirgiftsandfavors.Judgeswhoengageinanyoftheaboveactswillbedisciplinedtovaryingdegrees.Thesecanbewarnings;arecordofdemeritinpersonalfiles;arecordofamajordemerit;demotion;removalfromposition;dismissalfromoffice.Aremovalfrompositionisaccompaniedbyaloweringofsalaryandrank;thosewhohavecommittedacrimewillbeprosecutedfortheircriminalliabilities.6.OtherProvisionsJudgesenjoyrightsofretirement,resignation,training,petitionandcomplaint.Afterretirement,theyshallbeentitledtopensioninsuranceandotherbenefitsasprescribedbythestate.FormsofCourtTrialsAccordingtotheLawontheOrganizationofPeople’sCourtandotherlaws,trialsofPeople’sCourtstakethefollowingforms:1.SoleJudgeCourtThiskindofcourtispresidedoverbyonejudgefortryingsimplecases.Legallyspeaking,thesecasesinclude:First-hearingcriminalcaseshandleduponcomplaintandotherminorcriminalcases;Simplecivilcasesandcasesinvolvingeconomicdisputeshandledbygrassrootscourtsandtheirdetachedtribunals;Casestriedusingspecialprocedures,exceptforcasesinvolvingvoters’qualificationorothercomplicatedcases,whichshouldbetriedbyacollegiatepanel.2.CollegiatePanelsCollegiatepanelsconsistofatleastthreejudgesoracombinationofjudgesandPeople’sAssessors.First-hearingcriminalandcivilcasesaregenerallytriedbyacollegiatepanelexceptforthosesimpleca...