P54-专业英语作业1.DrugDevelopmentisaverycomplexprocessrequiringagreatdealofcoordinationandcommunicationbetweenawiderangeofdifferentfunctionalgroups.中文翻译:药物开发是一个十分复杂的过程,需要在广泛的不同功能性团队之间进行大量的协调与沟通。2.Itisexpensive,particularlyinthelaterphasesofclinicaldevelopment,wherestudiesinvolvehundredsofpatients这个过程(药物开发)这是昂贵的,特别是在临床开发的后期阶段,其中涉及到对数百名患者的研究。3.Itiscurrentlyestimatedthatthedevelopmentofanewdrugcostsabout$230millionandtakessomewherebetween7and10yearsforminitiationofpreclinicaldevelopmenttofirstmarketing.目前估计,一种新药的开发成本约为2.3亿美元,并且从启动临床前的开发阶段到首次上市,需要花费7到10年4.Drugdevelopmentisahigh-riskbusiness;althoughtherateisincreasing,onlyaboutoneoutofeverytennewchemicalentitiesstudiedinhumanbeingsforthefirsttimewilleverbecomeaproduct.药物开发是一个高风险的业务,尽管比率在不断上升,但是在完成了首次在人体研究中的每十个新化学实体中,大约只有一个能成为产品。5.原文:Asadrugcandidateprogressesthroughdevelopmenttherisksoffailuredecreaseas‘hurdles’areovercomealongtheway.翻译:随着候选药物开发的进行,失败的风险在前进夫人道路上,会像跨栏似的降低。6.Typicalreasonsforfailureincludeunacceptabletoxicity,lackofefficacy,orinabilitytoprovideadvantagesovercompetitiveproducts(Fig.1).翻译:失败的典型原因包括:不可接受的毒性,缺乏功效,或不比竞争产品有优势。7.Assessmentofwhetheradrugcandidateislikelytoprovidecompetitiveadvantageshighlightstheneedfirsttohaveinplaceasetofproduct'goals'ortargetproductprofile.对候选药物是否可能提供有竞争性优势方面的评估,首先需要强调的是应达到一系列产品目标或目标产品的特性。8、Particularattentionshouldbepaidtothedifferentiationfromcompetitors.应该特别注意竞争者(指药物)之间的差异。9、Thisisbecomingmoreandmorecriticalwiththeincreasingemphasisonlimitedformularies,healthcarecosts,andpharmacoeconomics(discussedlaterinthechapter).随着对有限的处方、医疗保健费用以及药品经济学的日益关注,这种情况变得越来越重要(本章稍后讨论)。10.Atargetprofilewilldefinetheindication(s)thatadrugcandidatewillbedevelopedfor,alongwithgoalssuchasonceadaydosing,fasteronsetofaction,bettersideeffectprofilethanamajorcompetitor.包括诸如每日一次给药、起效更快、比主要竞争者具有更低的毒副作用的特性等目标在内,药物开发的目的特性将定义候选药物被开发的疾病适应症。11.Thetargetprofilecanberefinedandrevisedasadrugcandidatemovesthroughdevelopmentandnewdataonthedrugcandidateorcompetitorsbecomeavailable.随着候选药物的开发阶段的进展,以及候选药物或竞争药物新数据的获得,药物开发的目的特性可以再定义或修改。12;Thelogicalnextstepsaretodefinethedevelopmentstrategy,forexample,whichindicationstodevelopfirst,whichcountriestoaimtomarketthedruginandthentodefinethecoreclinicalstudiesnecessarytoachieveregulatoryapprovalandcommercialsuccess.翻译:合乎逻辑的下一个步骤就是明确开发战略,例如,哪个疾病适应症要优先开发,以哪些国家作为药物的目标市场,然后确定能获得监管部门的批准和商业成功的必要核心临床研究。13.原句:Thischapterwilldescribethemainactivitiesrequiredforsuccessfuldevelopmentofanewdrug.翻译:本章将描述一个新药成功开发过程所需的主要活动。14.原文:Alltheseactivities,manyofwhichareinterdependent,needtobecarefullyplannedandco-ordinate翻译:所有的这些动,其中许多都是相互依存的,需要认真规划和协调15.Speedtomarketwithcollectionofhighqualitydataiscriticalforsuccess中文翻译:快速向市场收集高质量的数据是成功的...