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江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文（外文翻译原文）MeasuringtheImpactofTourismuponUrbanEconomies:AReviewofLiteratureKTHC–Knowledge,Technology,HumanCapitalUgoGasparino,ElenaBellini,BarbaraDelCorpoandWilliamMaliziaAbstractTourismisincreasinglyseenasapotentiallevertowardshigheconomicgrowth,measuredbothintermsofincomeandemployment.Inrecentyears,interestintourismhasspreadrapidlythroughoutmanysmallandmediumEuropeancities,whichpreviouslyhavenotconsideredthemselvesastouristdestinations.Thispaperreviewsandsummarizestheexistingliteratureontheeconomicassessmentoftourismwiththeobjectivesof,firstly,identifyingthemaincategoriesofimpactsand,secondly,constructinganinventoryofmethodologiesavailabletoassessthem.Wewillprogressstepbystep,startingfromthemostsimplisticapproachesandrelaxingassumptionsasweproceed.Firstly,weassumeastaticsetting,withsparecapacity.Insuchasetting(partialequilibrium),pricesdonotrespondtodemandshocks:onlyquantities(production,incomeandjobs)adjust.Secondly,werelaxthisassumptionandassumethatthereisnosparecapacity:pricesrespondtoincreasingdemand(generalequilibrium),leadingtoreallocationofresourcesacrosssectors.Wethenmovefromastatictoadynamicsettingandsurveythosecontributionsthatlookattherelationshipbetweentourismspecialisationandlong-rungrowth.Keywords:Tourism,EconomicImpacts,Input-OutputAnalysis,GeneralandPartialEquilibriumAnalysis1ThepartialequilibriumanalysisPartialequilibriumanalysisassumesthatthereissparecapacityunemployedresourcesandthat,asaconsequence,pricesdonotrespondtoincreasingdemand(perfectelasticsupply).Adjustmenttakesplaceonlythroughquantities(production,jobs,andthereforeincome).Thebasicconceptofpartialequilibriumanalysisisthatof‘multiplier’although,asnoticedbyArcher,«thereisperhapsmoremisunderstandingaboutmultiplieranalysisthanalmostanyotheraspectoftourismresearch»(Archer,1982).Multipliersmeasurethepresenteconomicperformanceofthetourismindustryandtheeffectsofshort-runeconomicadjustmentstoachangeintheleveloftouristexpenditure.Thedefinitionofmultiplier,intermsofKeynes,isunequivocal:themultipliermeasurestheincreaseineconomicactivitygeneratedinaneconomybyaunitincreaseintourismexpenditure.Atourismincomemultiplierisacoefficientthatexpressestheamountofincome1江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文（外文翻译原文）generatedinanareabyanadditionalunitoftouristspending:forinstance,iftouristsspendanextraEUR1millionintheareaandthisgeneratesEUR800,000ofincome,theKeynesianmultiplieris0.81.However,alternativedefinitionsofmultiplierscanbefoundintourismliterature.Themostpopularoftheseistheuseof‘ratio’multiplier,whereforexampletheincomemultipliertendstobeexpressedastheratioofa‘total’incomegeneratedbytourismexpenditure(seeSection1.1)tothe‘direct’income.Dependingonwhatismeantby‘total’income,threetypesof‘ratio’multiplierscanbegenerated.Despitethestrongassumptionsimplicitintheircalculation,multipliersarewidelyusedinpolicy-making.Theyareusedtostudytheimpactoftourismonbusinessturnover,incomeandemploymentandcanbeusedtocomparetheimpactofincreaseddemandonothersectorsoftheeconomyordifferentpolicyoptions.Inwhatfollows,wefirstlyintroducetheeconomicmeaningofmultipliers,analysinghowthetouristexpenditureripplesthroughtheeconomy.Secondly,wepresenttwowidelyusedmethodologiestocalculatemultipliers.Finally,webrieflydiscussandcomparesomeoftheempiricalresults.2Theeconomicmeaningofmultiplier...