第一章TheConflictsCase（必读）Manylegaldisputesarepurelylocal.Forinstance:whetherthecontractorhasorhasnotsubstantiallyperformedwhenthelocationofaninteriorwallwasoffbysixincheswillusuallybedecidedbylocalcourtsandaccordingtolocalcontractlaw.Increasingly,however,disputeswillhavea"foreignelement."Inconflictslaw,"foreign"doesnotnecessarilymeanthesameas"foreigncountry."Instead,"foreign"iseverythingwhichisnotlocal.Thus,forinstance,"foreign"partiesarepartiesfromanotherstateoftheUnitedStatesorfromaforeigncountry.Similarly,a"foreign"transactionisonewhichtookplaceoutsidethelocalstate.Forinstance,aproductmanufacturedinanotherstateorcountrymaycauseinjurylocally:thevictimwouldliketosuetolocallyratherthanhavetotravelwherethedefendanttortfeasoris.Also,thevictimwouldlike,ifpossible,tohavethecourtapplylocallaw(forinstance,becauseitprovidesforstrictliability).Assumethatthevictimdoesrecoverinhisorherhomestatebutthattheforeign(out-of-state)defendantownsnopropertythere:thejudgmentcreditorwillthereforenowhavetoseekrecognitionandenforcementofthejudgmentinthedefendant'shomestate(orinanotherstatewherethereareassetsbelongingtothedefendant).ConflictsLawthushasanorderingfunction:Whenthecaseisconnectedwithmorethanonelegalsystem-whenitisaninterstateorinternationalcase--,conflictslawdecideswhohasthepowertodecidethecase,accordingtowhoselawthecaseshouldbedecided,andwhattheeffectiselsewhereoftheresultingjudgment.Asageneralrule,Americanconflictslawdoesnotdifferentiatebetweeninterstateandinternationalcases:thesamerulewithrespecttojurisdiction,choiceoflaw,andtherecognitionofjudgmentsapplytoboth.Exceptions:1)Injurisdiction,theinternationalnatureofacasemaymakelitigationinanAmericancourtinappropriate.2)TheFullFaithandCreditClausedoesnotapplytoforeigncountryjudgments,butmoststatesaccordthosejudgmentsthesamerecognitionastheywouldtosister-statejudgments.3)TheUnitedStateshasenteredintoanumberoftrartieswhichapplytointernationalcaseonly.Examples:InternationalSalesConvention;CivilAspectsofInternationalChildAbduction;ServiceofDocuments;TakingofEvidenceAbroad.Conceptandtypesoftheconflictrule（必读）Thenormsindirectlyregulatingfactsofprivateinternationallawformaspecialgroupofstatutoryprovisionscalledconflictrules.Onabroaderplaneaconflictruleisunderstoodtomeananormregulatinganyconflictoflaw,towit,determiningwhichofseveralrelevantrulesistobeactuallyapplied.Conflictcasesmaybeinternational,whenthechoiceisbetweenthelawsofseveralsovereignStates;thenormsresolvingsuchconflictsarecalledconflictrulesoftheinternationaltype.Conflictsmayalsoarisebetweendifferinglawsofnon-sovereignpartsofasovereignState.BartolusandStatutists（必读）Bartolus'smethodofresolvingconflictswasbasedonasimplisticclassificationoflocallaws(statute)intotwocategories:realorpersonal.Realstatuteswerethosethatoperatedonlywithintheterritoryoftheenactingstatebutnotbeyond.Incontrast,personalstatutesoperatedbeyondtheterritoryoftheenactingstateandboundallpersonsthatowedallegiancetoit.Bartolusthoughtthatthisclassificationcouldresolveallpotentialconflictsbecauseallstatutes,bothdomesticandforeign,belongedtoeithertheoneortheothercategory,leavingneithergapsanddoubts.IndirectandDirectRegulations（必读）Legaldevelopmenthasevolvedtwomethodsofdealingwithfactsofprivateinternationallaw-indirectanddirectregulation.Bothareappliedsidebyside.Distinctionismadebetweenthemaccordingtothea...
