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RhetoricRhetoric•Theartofeffectiveorpersuasivespeakingorwriting,especiallytheexploitationoffiguresofspeechandothercompositionaltechniques.(broad)写作；修辞学RhetoricRhetoric•Itcanbedatedbackto400B.C.,theAristotletime.•Oralskill/argumentation•Stressoratory演讲术FiguresofspeechFiguresofspeech•Awordorphraseusedinanon-literalsensetoaddrhetoricalforceorinteresttoaspokenorwrittenpassage.(narrow)修辞；修辞格FunctionsofFiguresofspeechFunctionsofFiguresofspeech•Ineverydayspeechandwritingandinliteraturethechieffunctionsoffiguresofspeechareprobablytoembellish（润色）,toemphasizeortoclarify.•Theyareusedtogivetoneoratmospheretodiscourse（演讲）,toprovidevivid（鲜明的，生动的）examples,tostimulatethoughtbystartlingthereaderorlistener,togivelifetoinanimateobjects,toamuse,ortoornament（修饰）.TypesofFiguresofspeechTypesofFiguresofspeech•Figuresofspeechexistinalmostendlessvarietyandmanyarecloselyrelatedorintricatelyoverlap（杂乱的重叠）,hencenocompletelysatisfactorysystemofclassificationhaseverbeendevised.Thefollowingmaybeconsideredoneoftheserviceable（耐用的）classificationofthepresentday.TypesofFiguresofspeechTypesofFiguresofspeech•1.Figuresofresemblanceorrelationship.•2.Figuresofemphasisorunderstatement.•3.Figuresofsound.•4.Verbalgamesandgymnastics.FiguresofresemblanceorFiguresofresemblanceorrelationshiprelationship•Simile（明喻）:isafigureofspeechinvolvingthecomparisonofonethingwithanotherofadifferentkindbyusingthewords:as,like,as…as,etc.Twothingscomparedmustbedissimilarandthebasisofresemblanceisusuallyanabstractquality.SimileSimile•1.Myheartislikeasingingbird.•2.Iwonderedlonelyasacloud.•3.Heisascunningasafox.•4.Thepenistoawriterwhattheguntoafighter.•5.Hehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.•6.Loveandcoughcannotbehidden.FiguresofresemblanceorFiguresofresemblanceorrelationshiprelationship•Metaphor暗喻:isafigureofspeechinwhichtwodifferentthingsarecomparedwithouttheuseofwords“as,like,as…as,etc.”.•Animpliednotstatedsimile.MetaphorMetaphor•Heisanoldfox.•Alltheworldisastage.•Hisclothesareloud.•Heranswerswerecold.•Let’sgotoseethemouthofthevolcano.•Therewasastormofapplause.•TheMississippiRiverwasthemainartery（干道）oftransportationintheyoungnation’sheart.FiguresofresemblanceorFiguresofresemblanceorrelationshiprelationship•Personification拟人:isafigureofspeechthatattributesapersonalnatureandhumancharacteristicstosomethingnon-human,orthepresentationofanabstractqualityinhumanform.•Thisfigureisfrequentlyusedinliterature,especiallyinpoetry,toaddbeautyandvividnesstodescription.PersonificationPersonification•3chiefkinds:1)Thatproducedbytheuseofadj.:•Thesmilingmoon;theblushingrose;thethirstyground2)Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs:•Thekettlesings;thewavesdanced3)Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns:•Thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleavesFiguresofresemblanceorFiguresofresemblanceorrelationshiprelationship•Metonymy转喻:isafigureofspeechthatmeansthechangeofnameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyrelated.•Itsfunctionistoexpressanideabrieflyandeffectivelybycompressingmuchintoasinglewordorashortnounphrase.MetonymyMetonymy•1)thecontainerforthethinginit•Themotherdidherbesttolookafterthecradle（摇篮）.•2)instrument,etcforthethingorperson•Thepenismightierthanthesword.•3)causeandeffectforeachother•Allthepavementstreamedwithmassacre（大屠杀）.•Thefishdesperatelytakesthedeath...