ArtificialIntelligenceCommunications1202Group7ArtificialIntelligenceSearchenginesLaborAppliancesSciencecontent•Definition•Meanings•Historyandgreatmen•Developinganddifficulties•Knowledge•Currentsituation•ApplicationsandAchievements•FutureDefinition定义ArtificialIntelligence(AI)istheintelligenceofmachinesandthebranchofcomputersciencethataimstocreateit.DefinitioninAItextbook:”thestudyanddesignofintelligentagents”人工智能（AI）是机器智能与计算机科学，旨在创建它的分支。在AI教科书的定义：“学习的智能代理的设计。”•人工智能是计算机科学的前沿，充满机遇和挑战。•“AstudentinphysicsmightreasonablyfeelthatallthegoodideashavealreadybeentakenbyGalileo,Newton,Einstein,andtherest,andthatittakesmanyyearsofstudybeforeonecancontributenewideas,AI,ontheotherhand,stillhasopeningsforafull-timeEinstein.”•_______《ArtificialIntelligence:AmodernApproach》•（一位在物理学领域的学生会理所当然的认为所有的好点子已经被伽利略，牛顿，爱因斯坦和其他人，它需要许多年前的研究能做出贡献的新思路，另一方面，AI，仍然作为一个全职的爱因斯坦。）“Scienceofmakingmachinesdothingsthatwouldrequireintelligenceifdonebyman.”让机器做的事情，需要智慧，如果做了人的科学。Minsky“makecomputermoreusefulandtounderstandprinciplesthatmakeintelligencepossible.”使电脑更加有用和明白原则，使智力成为可能。WinstonTheexcitingnewefforttomakecomputersthinks…machinewithminds,inthefullandliteralsense”(Haugeland1985)“Theartofcreatingmachinesthatperformfunctionsthatrequireintelligencewhenperformedbypeople”(Kurzweil,1990)“Thestudyofmentalfacultiesthroughtheuseofcomputationalmodels”(Charniaketal.1985)Afieldofstudythatseekstoexplainandemulateintelligentbehaviorintermsofcomputationalprocesses”(Schalkol,1990)SystemsthatthinklikehumansSystemsthatthinkrationallySystemsthatactlikehumansSystemsthatactrationallyViewsofAIfallintofourcategories:WhatisAI?1956BirthEnthusiasm（狂热）1966DifficultiesNeuralNetworksReborn1986ComputationalIntelligence1969IJCAIwasheld1970AIwaslaunchedKnowledgeEngineering1977Present•国际人工智能联合会议TheHistoryofAISecondaryTranslation-MachineTranslationthespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweakthevodkaisgoodbutthemeatisrottenCombinatorialexplosionproblem(组合爆炸)Thefactthataprogramcanfindasolutioninprincipledoesnotmeansthattheprogramcontainsanyofthemechanismsneededtofinditinpractice.Perceptronlimitations(感知机局限性)Atwo-inputperceptroncannotbetrainedtorecognizewhenitstwoinputsaredifferent.DifficultiesMcCarthy麦卡锡Minsky明斯基Shannon香农GreatmenTheAmericanscholarMcCarthywhoisconsideredthefatherofartificialintelligenceoforganizedaSociety,manyexpertsandscholarsgatheredtogetherforadiscussionofuptotwomonths.Invitingthemtoparticipateinthe"SummerDartmouthArtificialIntelligenceResearchSociety."Sincethen,thisfieldisnamed"artificialintelligence"McCarthy麦卡锡ExampleInmachinelearning,in1957Rosenblatt(罗森布拉特)successfullydevelopedPerceptron(感知机);在1957年机器产生时代，罗森布拉特成功的研制出感知机。achievementIntheoremproving,in1958WangHaointheIBM-704machinewitha3-5minuteprovedall220theorem“PrincipiaMathematica”intherelevantpropositionalcalculus;In1965,Robinsonmadeduetotheresolutionprinciple(归结原理);定理证明，1958年王皓用IBM-704机用3-5分钟的证明所有220定理“数学原理”中的相关命题演算;1965年，罗宾逊作出了应有的决议原则。Inpatternrecognition(模式识别),1959Selfridge(塞尔福里奇)launchedapatternrecognitionprogram;1...
