智课网托福备考资料托福听力TPO16原文Lecture2-智课教育旗下智课教育下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO16原文中Lecture2的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录智课教育论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。TPO16ScriptLecture2Professor：Upuntilnowinourdiscussionsandreadingsaboutthebrokenearlyclassicalperiods,we’vebeentalkingaboutthedevelopmentofmusicalstylesandgenreswithintherelativelynarrowsocialcontextofitspatronagebytheupperclasses.Composers,afterall,hadtoearnalivingandthosewhowereemployedintheservicesofaspecificpatron,well,Idon’thavetospellitoutforyou,thelikesanddislikesofthatpatron,thiswould’vehadaneffectonwhatwasbeingcomposedandperformed.Now,ofcourse,thereweremanyotherinfluencesoncomposers,um,suchasthetechnicaladvanceswe’veseeninthedevelopmentofsomeoftheinstruments,uh,yourememberthetransverseflute,theclarinetandsoon.ButIthinkifIwereaskedtoidentifyasinglecrucialdevelopmentinEuropeanmusicofthistime,itwouldbetheinventionofthepiano,which,interestinglyenoughalsohadasignificanteffectonEuropeansocietyofthattime.AndI’llgettothatinaminute.Now,asweknow,keyboardinstrumentsexistedlongbeforethepiano-theorgan,whichdatesbacktotheMiddleAges,asdootherkeyboardinstruments,suchastheharpsichordwhichisstillpopulartodaywithsomemusicians.Butnoneofthesehashadasprofoundanimpactasthepiano.Um,thepianowasinventedinItalyin1709.Thewordpianoisshortforpianoforte,acombinationoftheItalianwordsforsoftandloud.Now,unliketheharpsichordwhichcamebeforeit,thepianoisapercussioninstrument.Yousee,theharpsichordisactuallyclassifiedasastringinstrument,sincepressingakeyofaharpsichordcausesatinyquillthat’sconnectedtothekeytopluckthestringsthatareinsidetheinstrument,muchthesameasaguitarpickplucksthestringsofaguitarButpressingthekeysofapianocausestinyfelt-coveredhammerstostrikethestringsinsidetheinstrument,likedrumsticksstrikingtheheadofadrum.Thisstrikingactioniswhythepianoisapercussioninstrumentinsteadofastringinstrument.Okay,sowhyisthissoimportant?Well,thepercussiveeffectofthoselittlehammersmeansthatthepianist,unliketheharpsichordist,cancontrolthedynamicsofthesound-howsoftlyorloudlyeachnoteisstruck,hencethename,pianoforte,softandloud.Nowartisticallyforbothcomposersandperformersthiswasamajorturningpoint.Thisbrandnewinstrument,capableofproducingloudandsofttones,greatlyexpandedthepossibilitiesforconveyingemotion.Thiscapacityforincreasedexpressiveness,infact,wasessentialtotheRomanticstylethatdominated19thcenturymusic.ButI’mgettingaheadofmyselfUm,beforewegetbacktothemusicalimpactofthisdevelopment,IwannatakealookatthesocialimpactthatImentionedearlier.Now,inthelate17005andtheearlier1800s,thedevelopmentofthepianocoincidedwiththegrowthofthemiddleclassinWesternEurope.Ofcoursefolkmusic,traditionalsongsanddanceshadalwaysbeenpartofeverydaylife.Butasmassproductiontechniqueswererefinedinthe19thcentury,thepriceofpianosdroppedtothepointthatalargerproportionofthepopulationcouldaffordtoownthem.Aspianosbecamemoreavailable,theybroughtclassicalmusic,themusicwhichpreviouslyhadbeencomposedonlyfortheupperclasses,intothelivesofthemiddleclasspeopleaswell.Onewayinparticularthatwecanseethesocialimpactofthisinstrumentisitsroleinthelivesofwomenofthetime.Previously,itwasquiterareforawomantoperformonanything,butmaybeaharpormaybeshesang.Butsuddenlyinthe19thcenturyitbecamequiteacceptab...
