危重患者血小板减少的诊治四川省肿瘤医院ICU刘真君2017.41.概述血小板减少的定义、机制、诊断思路、常用的检查方法2.危重患者中血小板减少的诊断和治疗3.总结4.病例讨论血小板减少(thrombocytopenia)定义为各种遗传或获得性因素导致的血小板减少,血小板计数<150.0x10(9)/L,通常小于100.0x10(9)/L.其主要机制为破坏增加(hyperdestructive)、生成减少(hypoproductive)和分布异常(altereddistribution,常见于充血性脾大或低体温)。Hospital-acquiredthrombocytopenia.HospPract,2014Oct;42(4):142-52.血小板减少的病因多样,涉及多个学科,常规检查特异性和敏感性不高,特异性检查受到技术条件和标准化的制约难以开展,导致诊断及鉴别诊断困难。同一病因导致血小板减少的时间、程度个体差异大,发生严重出血受到患者年龄、基础疾病(心、肝、肾等)和有创操作等的影响,及时评估、干预非常重要。相关病史(基础疾病、药物史、出血事件)查体(出血倾向、肝脾淋巴结、免疫相关疾病、皮肤巩膜黄染)外周血涂片EDTA抗凝剂导致的血小板聚集(clumping),自动血细胞计数仪中血小板计数下降,称为假性血小板减少(pseudothrombocytopenia)人工计数或枸橼酸抗凝可以识别裂红细胞(破碎红细胞)球形红细胞骨髓涂片/活检了解巨核细胞系(巨核细胞数量及产板情况),还可发现粒系/红系异常破坏增多骨髓检查巨核细胞数量正常或增加。部分ITP可见巨核细胞成熟障碍,产板少。生成减少骨髓涂片巨核细胞减少。再障患者活检增生极度低下,造血组织少。即Coombs直接试验:将洗涤过的红细胞2%混悬液加入Coombs试剂,混和后离心一分钟促进凝集。如果肉眼或显微镜下能见到红细胞凝集,即为阳性,说明红细胞表面有抗体或补体。Coombs间接试验:先将受试的血清加入等量5%适当的正常红细胞(Rh阳性的O型红细胞),在37℃温育30~60分钟,以促使血清中的半抗体结合于红细胞上(致敏),将红细胞充分洗涤,以后同直接试验。抗人球蛋白试验血小板减少诊断简易流程以下的实验室方法能帮助我们进一步明确诊断平均血小板容积(MPV,meanplateletvolume)Onehundredtwopatientswerecompletelyevaluated.WhencomparedwiththeBMexamination,theMPVof>7.9flcouldpredicthyperdestructivesensitivityof82.3%(95%CI:70.5-90.8),specificityof92.5%(95%CI:79.6-98.4),positivepredictivevalueof94.4%(95%CI:84.6-98.8),negativepredictivevalueof77.1%(95%CI:62.7-88.0)Aprospectiveevaluationofnormalmeanplateletvolumeindiscriminatinghyperdestructivethrombocytopeniafromhypoproductive0thrombocytopenia.Internationaljournaloflaboratoryhematology,2008Oct;30(5):408-14.血小板指数(plateletindices),包括MPV,血小板体积变异宽度(plateletsizedeviationwidth,PDW)和大血小板比率(platelet-to-large-cellratio,P-LCR)Thestudygroupwasdividedintotwocategories:hypoproliferativeanddestructivethrombocytopeniaAllthethreeplateletindicesweresignificantlyhigherindestructivegroupascomparedtothehypoproliferativecategory134thrombocytopenicpatients(69men,65women)whoweredividedintotwogroupsgroupI(n=63)includedITPpatientsgroupII(n=71)includedpatientswithHTduetomyelosuppressionsecondarytochemotherapyConcerningMPVandPDWindices,sensitivity,specificity,positiveprognosticvalue,negativeprognosticvalue,efficiencyandYoudenindexwere100%forthediagnosisofITP.Onthecontrary,thevaluesforP-LCRweresignificantlylower。血小板指数的局限性在于血小板严重下降的患者(<10x10(9)/L)结果有较大的偏差,输血等治疗措施影响对结果的判断。在ICU的应用价值需要再评估。Roleofplateletvolumeindicesinthedifferentialdiagnosisofthrombocytopenia:asimpleandinexpensivemethod.Hematology(Amsterdam,Netherlands),2009Jun;14(3):182-6.Increasedvaluesofmeanplateletvolumeandplateletsizedeviationwidthmayprovideasafepositivediagnosisofidiopathicthrombocytopenicpurpura.ActaHaem...