ExpectancyTheory期望理论WhatisexpectancytheoryExpectancytheoryisafieldofstudyaboutemployeemotivation.Accordingtothistheory,thestrengthofatendencytoactinacertainwaydependsonthestrengthofanexpectationthatactwillbefollowedbyagivenoutcomeandontheattractivenessofthatoutcometotheindividual.Inpracticalterms,itsaysthatanemployeewillbemotivatedtoexertahighlevelofeffortwhenheorshebelievesthateffortwillleadtoagoodperformanceappraisal;whichwillleadtoorganizationalrewards,andthatrewardwillsatisfytheemployee’spersonalgoals.ExpectancyModeIndividualeffortIndividualperformance1.Effort-performancerelationship.Theprobabilityperceivedbytheindividualthatexertingagivenamountofeffortwillleadtoperformance.2.Performance-rewardrelationship.Thedegreetowhichtheindividualbelievesthatperformingataparticularlevelwillleadtoadesiredoutcome.3.Rewards-personalgoalsrelationship.Thedegreetowhichorganizationalrewardssatisfyanpersonalgoalsorneeds.OrganizationalrewardsPersonalgoalsIndividualeffortIndividualperformanceOrganizationalrewardsIndividualeffortIndividualperformancePersonalgoalsOrganizationalrewardsIndividualeffortIndividualperformance123ApplicationThetheoryfocusedonperformancevariables.Ithasprovedtoofferarelativelypowerfulexplanationofemployeeproductivity,absenteeism,andturnover.Butthetheoryassumesthatemployeeshavefewconstraintsontheirdecisiondiscretion.Itmakesmanyofthesameassumptionsthattherationalmodelmakesaboutindividualdecisionmaking.Thisactstorestrictitsapplicable.Wecanconclude,thetheory’spowerinexplainingemployeeproductivityincreaseswhenthejobsbeingperformedaremorecomplexandhigherintheorganization.期望公式激励取决于行动结果的价值评价和其对应的期望值的乘积:M=∑V×EM-motivation激发人内部潜力的强度V-valence目标有多大价值的主观判断E-expectancy对实现该目标可能性大小的主观评估我们可以利用期望理论来分析某种奖金制度有激励作用,还是没有激励作用。(如下图)