焊接基础知识BASICKNOWLEDGEOFWELDING一、基本知识Basicknowledge1.什么叫焊接?Whatiswelding?答:用加热或加压等手段,借助金属原子的结合与扩散作用,使分离的金属材料牢固地连接起来的方法。Weldingisonewaytojoinseparatedmetalsstronglytogetherthroughthecombinationanddiffusionofatomsbymeansofheatingand/orpressuring.金属焊接方法有40种以上,主要分为熔焊、压焊和钎焊三大类。Therearemorethan40processesofmetallicmaterialweldingwhichcouldbeclassifiedintothreemainkinds:fusionweld,pressureweldingandbrazing.熔焊是在焊接过程中将工件接口加热至熔化状态,不加压力完成焊接的方法。熔焊时,热源将待焊两工件接口处迅速加热熔化,形成熔池。熔池随热源向前移动,冷却后形成连续焊缝而将两工件连接成为一体。Fusionweldingistofusetheweldinginterfacewithheatinweldingandwithoutpressure.Infusionwelding,theweldinginterfacesoftwomaterialsshouldbefusedinaveryshortperiodtoformamoltenpool.Astheheatmovesforward,newmoltenpoolformsandtheoldoneswillcooldownandformacontinuousweldingseamwhichisabletoconnecttwopartsfirmlytogether.在熔焊过程中,如果大气与高温的熔池直接接触,大气中的氧就会氧化金属和各种合金元素。大气中的氮、水蒸汽等进入熔池,还会在随后冷却过程中在焊缝中形成气孔、裂纹等缺陷,恶化焊缝的质量和性能。However,iftheaircontactstheheatedmoltenpoolinfusionwelding,oxygenexistingintheairwillmakemetalandotheralloyelementsoxidizedandifnitrogenorsteamgetintothepool,theywillcauseporosity,crackandotherdefectsinseamduringcoolingprocessandthuscausepoorseamqualityandproperty.为了提高焊接质量,人们研究出了各种保护方法。例如,气体保护电弧焊就是用氩、二氧化碳等气体隔绝大气,以保护焊接时的熔池;又如钢材焊接时,在焊条药皮中加入对氧亲和力大的钛铁粉进行脱氧,就可以保护焊条中有益元素锰、硅等免于氧化而进入熔池,冷却后获得优质焊缝。Inordertoimproveweldingquality,peoplehaveworkedoutmanyprotectionmethods.Forexample,gasmetalarcwelding(GMAW)istousegasessuchasargonandcarbonoxygentoisolatethemoltenpoolfromtheairinwelding.AddingintothecoatingofweldingwireferrotitaniumpowderwhichcouldhavereactionwithoxygeneasilywillprotectelementssuchasMnandSifrombeingoxidizedandgettingintothepoolandpromiseahighqualityseamafteritgetscoolingdown.压焊是在加压条件下,使两工件在固态下实现原子间结合,又称固态焊接。常用的压焊工艺是电阻对焊,当电流通过两工件的连接端时,该处因电阻很大而温度上升,当加热至塑性状态时,在压力作用下连接成为一体。Pressureweldingistomaketwopartscombinedatatomlevelwithpressureandwithoutfusingtheparts.Thereforeitisalsocalledsolid-statewelding.Themostcommonpressureweldingprocedureisupsetwelding.Whencurrentflowsthroughtheconnectinginterfacesoftwopartswhichhaveveryhighresistance,thetemperatureherewillrise.Thetwopartswillcombineasoneunderpressureiftheinterfacesareheatedintoplasticstate.各种压焊方法的共同特点是在焊接过程中施加压力而不加填充材料。多数压焊方法如扩散焊、高频焊、冷压焊等都没有熔化过程,因而没有象熔焊那样的有益合金元素烧损,和有害元素侵入焊缝的问题,从而简化了焊接过程,也改善了焊接安全卫生条件。同时由于加热温度比熔焊低、加热时间短,因而热影响区小。许多难以用熔化焊焊接的材料,往往可以用压焊焊成与母材同等强度的优质接头钎焊是使用比工件熔点低的金属材料作钎料,将工件和钎料加热到高于钎料熔点低于工件熔点的温度,利用液态钎料润湿工件,填充接口间隙并与工件实现原子间的相互扩散,从而实现焊接的方法。Inbrazing,metallicmaterialsthathavelowerfusionpointsthanthatofthebasepartsareusedasfillermetal.Whenthebasematerialandthefillermaterialareheatedtocertaintempera...